brain

Each Play button uses your device's default local English voice, or a natural local fallback. The selected voice name appears after playback. This is synthesized speech, not a source recording.

• General-American, Received-Pronunciation: /ˈbɹeɪ̯n/
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• UK: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• US: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• Australian, New-Zealand: /ˈbɹæ̝ɪ̯n/
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• Scotland: /ˈbɾen/
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• Wales: /ˈbɾein/ without the pane–pain merger
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• rhymes with -eɪn
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• homophone: brane (pane–pain merger)
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• CMU ARPABET: B R EY1 N Digits mark lexical stress: 1 primary, 2 secondary, 0 unstressed.
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From the Irish and Scottish Gaelic surname, from mac an Bhreitheamhan (“son of the judge”), from breitheamh (“judge”).

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *mregh- Proto-Indo-European *-n̥ Proto-Indo-European *mrógh-n̥ ~ *mrégh-n̥-s Proto-Germanic *bragną Proto-West Germanic *bragn Old English bræġn Middle English brayn English brain Inherited from Middle English brayn, from Old English bræġn, from Proto-West Germanic *bragn, from Proto-Germanic *bragną, from Proto-Indo-European *mrógh-n̥ ~ *mrégh-n̥-s, from *mregh- + *-n̥. Cognate with Scots braine, brane (“brain”), North Frisian brayen, brein, Brain (“brain”), Saterland Frisian Brainge, Bräienge (“brain”), West Frisian brein (“brain”), Dutch brein (“brain”), Low German Brägen, Bregen (“brain”) (whence German Bregen (“animal brain”)), Ancient Greek βρεχμός (brekhmós, “front part of the skull, top of the head”).

482 source translations are retained for this English entry.

• Abkhaz: ахшыбаҩ (axŝəbajw) — organ
• Afrikaans: brein — organ
• Afrikaans: harsings — organ
• Dupaningan Agta: utak — organ
• Aklanon: utok — organ
• Albanian: tru — organ
• Southern Altai: мее (mee) — organ
• Amharic: አንጐል (ʾängwäl) — organ
• Chungli Ao: tokolok — organ
• Western Apache: bitsighąąʼ — organ
• Arabic: دِمَاغ (dimāḡ) — organ
• Arabic: مخ (muḵḵ) — organ
• Arabic: مخ (arz) — organ
• Arabic: نفوخ (arz) — organ
• Arabic: دِماغ (acw) — organ
• Arabic: مُخ (acw) — organ
• Arabic: مخ (ary) — organ
• Arabic: دماغ (ary) — organ
• Arabic: دماغ (apc) — organ
• Arabic: مخ (apc) — organ
• Arabic: مخ (ajp) — organ
• Arabic: دماغ (ajp) — organ
• Aragonese: celebro — organ
• Aramaic: ܡܘܚܐ (syc) — organ
• Armenian: ուղեղ (uġeġ) — organ
• Aromanian: crier (roa-rup) — organ
• Aromanian: mãduã (roa-rup) — organ
• Aromanian: midulj (roa-rup) — organ
• Eastern Arrernte: akurrknge — organ
• Assamese: মগজু (mogozu) — organ
• Asturian: cerebru — organ
• Azerbaijani: beyin — organ
• West Coast Bajau: utok — organ
• Bashkir: мейе (meye) — organ
• Basque: garun — organ
• Belarusian: мозг (mozh) — organ
• Belarusian: мо́заг (mózah) — organ
• Bengali: মস্তিষ্ক (mostiśko) — organ
• Bengali: মগজ (mogoj) — organ
• Bengali: দেমাগ (demag) — organ
• Bhojpuri: दिमाग (dimāg) — organ
• Bau Bidayuh: otok — organ
• Central Bikol: hutok — organ
• Binukid: utek — organ
• Breton: empenn — organ
• Buginese: uta — organ
• Bulgarian: мо́зък (mózǎk) — organ
• Burmese: ဦးနှောက် (u:hnauk) — organ
• Buryat: тархи (bxr) — organ
• Carpathian Rusyn: мо́зоґ (mózog) — organ
• Catalan: cervell — organ
• Cebuano: utok — organ
• Chechen: хье (ḥre) — organ
• Chechen: хьекъал (ḥreqʼal) — organ
• Cherokee: ᎤᏅᏥᏓ (unvtsida) — organ
• Chinese Cantonese: 腦 /脑 (nou5) — organ
• Chinese Cantonese: 腦部 /脑部 (nou5 bou6) — organ
• Chinese: нозы (nozɨ) — organ
• Eastern Min Chinese: 頭腦 /头脑 (tàu-nō̤) — organ
• Hakka Chinese: 頭腦 /头脑 (thèu-nó) — organ
• Chinese: 腦 /脑 (náu) — organ
• Chinese: 腦部 /脑部 (náu-pō͘) — organ
• Chinese Mandarin: 頭腦 /头脑 (tóunǎo) — organ
• Chinese Mandarin: 腦 /脑 (nǎo) — organ
• Chinese Mandarin: 腦部 /脑部 (nǎobù) — organ
• Chinese Mandarin: 腦子 /脑子 (nǎozi) — organ
• Northern Min Chinese: 頭腦 /头脑 (tê-nǎu) — organ
• Wu Chinese: 腦 /脑 — organ
• Wu Chinese: 腦子 /脑子 — organ
• Chuvash: миме (mime) — organ
• West Circassian: куцӏы (kwucʼə) — organ
• Cornish: ympynnyon — organ
• Crimean Tatar: miy — organ
• Crimean Tatar: dimağ — organ
• Czech: mozek — organ
• Dakota: nasúna — organ
• Dalmatian: carviale — organ
• Danish: hjerne — organ
• Dargwa: мехӏе (meḥe) — organ
• Dhivehi: ސިކުނޑި (sikunḍi) — organ
• Dutch: hersenen — organ
• Dutch: hersens — organ
• Dutch: brein — organ
• Egyptian: A-i-s-Aa3:n-D:n-n:t-tp-Z1 (ꜣjs n ḏnnt) — organ
• Egyptian: a-m-m-H8 (ꜥmm) — organ
• Elfdalian: ienne — organ
• Erzya: пряудем (pŕaudem) — organ
• Erzya: удем (udem) — organ
• Esperanto: cerbo — organ
• Esperanto: encefalo — organ
• Estonian: aju — organ
• Even: иргэ (irgə) — organ
• Evenki: иргэ (irgə) — organ
• Faroese: heili — organ
• Finnish: aivot — organ
• French: cerveau — organ
• French: cervelle — organ
• French: encéphale — organ
• North Frisian: Brain — organ
• West-Frisian: brein — organ
• West-Frisian: harsens — organ
• Friulian: cerviel — organ
• Friulian: čurviel — organ
• Galician: cerebro — organ
• Georgian: ტვინი (ṭvini) — organ
• German: Gehirn — organ
• German: Hirn — organ
• Old High German: hirni — organ
• Greek: εγκέφαλος (egkéfalos) — organ
• Greek: μυαλά (myalá) — organ
• Ancient Greek: ἐγκέφαλος (enképhalos) — organ
• Greenlandic: qarasaq — organ
• Gujarati: મગજ (magaj) — organ
• Guugu Yimidhirr: garu — organ
• Haitian Creole: sèvo — organ
• Haitian Creole: sèvèl — organ
• Hawaiian: lolo — organ
• Hebrew: מוח \ מֹחַ (móakh) — organ
• Higaonon: otok — organ
• Hiligaynon: utok — organ
• Hindi: भेजा (bhejā) — organ
• Hindi: मस्तिष्क (mastiṣk) — organ
• Hindi: दिमाग़ (dimāġ) — organ
• Hindi: मग़्ज़ (maġz) — organ
• Hindi: मग्ज (magj) — organ
• Hungarian: agy — organ
• Icelandic: heili — organ
• Ido: cerebro — organ
• Ilocano: utek — organ
• Indonesian: otak — organ
• Indonesian: benak — organ
• Ingrian: aivo — organ
• Ingush: хьоа (ḥroa) — organ
• Interlingua: cerebro — organ
• Irish: inchinn — organ
• Italian: cervello — organ
• Italian: cervella — organ
• Ivatan: otek (ivv) — organ
• Japanese: 脳 (nō) — organ
• Japanese: 脳髄 (nōzui) — organ
• Japanese: 頭脳 (zunō) — organ
• Japanese: 脳 (nazuki) — organ
• Javanese: utek — organ
• Jeju: 머릿골 (meoritgol) — organ
• Jeju: 골머리 (golmeori) — organ
• Kabuverdianu: cerébr' — organ
• Kabuverdianu: sirébru — organ
• Kabuverdianu: cerebro — organ
• Kaitag: маъ (maʾ) — organ
• Kalmyk: экн (ekn) — organ
• Kannada: ಮೆದುಳು (meduḷu) — organ
• Kannada: ಮಸ್ತಿಷ್ಕ (mastiṣka) — organ
• Kannada: ಮಿದುಳು (miduḷu) — organ
• Kapampangan: utak — organ
• Karelian: aivot — organ
• Kashubian: mùsk — organ
• Kaurna: mukamuka — organ
• Kaurna: ngarrumuka — organ
• Kazakh: ми (mi) — organ
• Khmer: ខួរក្បាល (khuə kbaal) — organ
• Kikuyu: tombo — organ
• Kiput: utek — organ
• Komi-Permyak: вем (vem) — organ
• Komi-Zyrian: вем (vem) — organ
• Korean: 뇌 (noe) — organ
• Korean: 뇌수 (noesu) — organ
• Korean: 두뇌 (dunoe) — organ
• Korean: 골 (gol) — organ
• Korean: 머릿골 (meoritgol) — organ
• Central Kurdish: مێشک (mêşk) — organ
• Northern Kurdish: demax — organ
• Northern Kurdish: mejî — organ
• Kyrgyz: мээ (mee) — organ
• Lak: ня (naʕ) — organ
• Lao: ສະຫມອງ (sa mǭng) — organ
• Latgalian: smedzinis — organ
• Latin: cerebrum — organ
• Latvian: smadzenes — organ
• Lenakel: nenourək — organ
• Lezgi: мефтӏ (mefṭ) — organ
• Lithuanian: smegenys — organ
• Lombard: cervell — organ
• Low German: Brägen — organ
• Lü: ᦀᦸᧅᧈᦶᦀᧅᧈ (̇ʼoak1 ̇ʼaek1) — organ
• Luxembourgish: Gehir — organ
• Macedonian: мозок (mozok) — organ
• Makasar: uta — organ
• Malagasy: atidoha — organ
• Malay: otak — organ
• Malay: benak — organ
• Pattani Malay: اوْتاوْء — organ
• Malayalam: തലച്ചോറ് (talaccōṟ) — organ
• Malayalam: മൂള (mūḷa) — organ
• Malayalam: മസ്തിഷ്കം (mastiṣkaṁ) — organ
• Maltese: moħħ — organ
• Manchu: ᡶᡝᡥᡳ (fehi) — organ
• Mansaka: otok — organ
• Māori: roro — organ
• Maranao: otek — organ
• Marathi: मेंदू (mendū) — organ
• Eastern Mari: вем (vem) — organ
• Eastern Mari: вуйдорык (vujdoryk) — organ
• Moksha: уй (uj) — organ
• Mongolian: тархи (tarxi) — organ
• Mongolian: ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠢ (tariqi) — organ
• Khiamniungan Naga: khǖîe — organ
• Nahuatl: cuātextli — organ
• Nanai: игэ (ige) — organ
• Navajo: atsiighąąʼ — organ
• Tundra Nenets: немэй — organ
• Tundra Nenets: нгэвэй — organ
• Nepali: मस्तिष्क (mastiṣka) — organ
• Nivkh: ӈаўр̌к (ŋawřk) — organ
• Norman: chèrvé — organ
• Norwegian Bokmål: hjerne — organ
• Norwegian Nynorsk: hjerne — organ
• Norwegian Nynorsk: heile — organ
• Occitan: cervèl — organ
• Odia: ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କ (mastiṣka) — organ
• Ojibwe: niinindib — organ
• Church Slavic: мозгъ (mozgŭ) — organ
• Church Slavic: ⰿⱁⰸⰳⱏ (mozgŭ) — organ
• Old East Slavic: мозгъ (mozgŭ) — organ
• Old English: bræġn — organ
• Old Saxon: hirni — organ
• Oromo: sammuu — organ
• Ossetian: магъз (maǧz) — organ
• Pali: matthaluṅga — organ
• Pannonian Rusyn: мозоґ (mozog) — organ
• Pashto: ماغزه (māğza) — organ
• Dari: مَغْز (maġz) — organ
• Dari: دِمَاغ (dimāġ) — organ
• Iranian Persian: مَغْز (maġz) — organ
• Iranian Persian: دِماغ (demâġ) — organ
• Piedmontese: sërvel — organ
• Polish: mózg — organ
• Portuguese: cérebro — organ
• Punjabi: ਦਿਮਾਗ਼ (dimāġ) — organ
• Punjabi: دِماغ (dimāġ) — organ
• Quechua: ñutgo — organ
• Quechua: togşu — organ
• Rapa Nui: roro — organ
• Romanian: creier — organ
• Romansh: tscharvè — organ
• Russian: головно́й мозг (golovnój mozg) — organ
• Russian: мозг (mozg) — organ
• Russian: мозги́ (mozgí) — organ
• Sanskrit: मस्तिष्क (mastiṣka) — organ
• Sanskrit: तेजस (tejasa) — organ
• Santali: ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱲ (hataṛ) — organ
• Santali: ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ (bheja) — organ
• Sardinian: cerbedhu — organ
• Sardinian: cerbeddu — organ
• Sardinian: cherveddu — organ
• Sardinian: carbedhu — organ
• Sardinian: carbeddu — organ
• Sardinian: cialbedhu — organ
• Sardinian: carvedhu — organ
• Sardinian: carveddu — organ
• Sardinian: carvedha — organ
• Sardinian: celbedhu — organ
• Sardinian: ciobedhus — organ
• Sardinian: ciorbedhu — organ
• Sardinian: gerbedhu — organ
• Sardinian: tzalbedhu — organ
• Scots: harn — organ
• Scottish Gaelic: eanchainn — organ
• Serbo-Croatian: мо̏зак — organ
• Serbo-Croatian: mȍzak — organ
• Shan: ဢွၵ်းဢေႃ (ʼáuk ʼǎu) — organ
• Sicilian: ciriveddu — organ
• Sinhalese: මොළයේ (moḷayē) — organ
• Slovak: mozog — organ
• Old Slovak: mozgy — organ
• Slovene: možgani — organ
• Somali: maskax — organ
• Lower Sorbian: mórzgi — organ
• Upper Sorbian: mozy — organ
• Sotho: boko — organ
• Spanish: cerebro — organ
• Spanish: cerebral — organ
• Sudovian: stirgena — organ
• Sudovian: mazgena — organ
• Swahili: ubongo — organ
• Swedish: hjärna — organ
• Tagalog: utak — organ
• Tajik: мағз (maġz) — organ
• Tamil: மூளை (mūḷai) — organ
• Tarifit: aǧi — organ
• Tarifit: amerɣiɣ — organ
• Tatar: ми (mi) — organ
• Tausug: utuk — organ
• Tày: oóc áy — organ
• Tày: oóc éc — organ
• Telugu: మెదడు (medaḍu) — organ
• Tetum: kakutak — organ
• Thai: มันสมอง (man-sà-mɔ̌ɔng) — organ
• Thai: สมอง (sà-mɔ̌ɔng) — organ
• Northern Thai: ᩋᩬᨠᩋᩴᩬ — organ
• Tibetan: ཀླད་པ (klad pa) — organ
• Tigrinya: ሓንጎል (ḥangol) — organ
• Tokelauan: māfaufau — organ
• Turkish: beyin — organ
• Ottoman Turkish: بینی (beyni) — organ
• Ottoman Turkish: دماغ (demağ) — organ
• Ottoman Turkish: مغز (mağz) — organ
• Ottoman Turkish: مخ (muh) — organ
• Turkmen: beýin — organ
• Tuvan: мээ (mee) — organ
• Ukrainian: мо́зок (mózok) — organ
• Unami: tëmp — organ
• Urdu: دِماغ (dimāġ) — organ
• Urdu: مَغْز (maġz) — organ
• Urdu: بھیجا (bhejā) — organ
• Uyghur: مېڭە (më'nge) — organ
• Uzbek: miya — organ
• Venetan: çervèl — organ
• Venetan: serveło — organ
• Venetan: zerveło — organ
• Venetan: servèl — organ
• Venetan: zhervèl — organ
• Venetan: sarveło — organ
• Venetan: çarvèl — organ
• Venetan: zharvèl — organ
• Venetan: cèlebro — organ
• Vietnamese: óc — organ
• Vietnamese: não — organ
• Volapük: brein — organ
• Votic: ajud — organ
• Walloon: cervea — organ
• Waray-Waray: utok — organ
• Warlpiri: ngukunypa — organ
• Welsh: ymennydd — organ
• Wiradjuri: kábuka — organ
• Wolof: yóor — organ
• Yakut: мэйии (meyii) — organ
• Yami: etek — organ
• Yiddish: מוח (moyekh) — organ
• Yiddish: געהירן (gehirn) — organ
• Yoruba: ọ̀bụ́tụ̀n — organ
• Yoruba: ọpọlọ — organ
• Zazaki: megz (diq) — organ
• Zazaki: mezg (diq) — organ
• Zhuang: uk — organ
• Zhuang: ngog — organ
• Zhuang: ukek — organ
• Armenian: մոզգ (mozg) — intelligent person
• Armenian: խելքի տոպրակ (xelkʻi toprak) — intelligent person
• Armenian: խելք (xelkʻ) — intelligent person
• Bengali: জ্ঞানী (gêni) — intelligent person
• Bengali: বিদ্যান (biddan) — intelligent person
• Bulgarian: мо́зък (mózǎk) — intelligent person
• Chinese Mandarin: 聰明人 /聪明人 (cōngmíngrén) — intelligent person
• Dutch: brein — intelligent person
• Dutch: breinbaas — intelligent person
• Estonian: aju — intelligent person
• Finnish: älykkö — intelligent person
• French: cerveau — intelligent person
• French: tête — intelligent person
• German: Superhirn — intelligent person
• German: Intelligenzbestie — intelligent person
• Greek: μυαλό (myaló) — intelligent person
• Greek: διάνοια (diánoia) — intelligent person
• Greek: ιδιοφυΐα (idiofyḯa) — intelligent person
• Hindi: बुद्धिमान (buddhimān) — intelligent person
• Japanese: 頭のいい人 (atama no ii hito) — intelligent person
• Japanese: 秀才 (shūsai) — intelligent person
• Japanese: 智者 (chisha) — intelligent person
• Malayalam: ബുദ്ധിമാന് (buddhimāṉ) — intelligent person
• Māori: mōhio — intelligent person
• Portuguese: crânio — intelligent person
• Portuguese: cabeça — intelligent person
• Romanian: erudit — intelligent person
• Swahili: bongo — intelligent person
• Tagalog: matalino — intelligent person
• Turkish: öke — intelligent person
• Turkish: bilge — intelligent person
• Armenian: գլուխ (glux) — person providing intelligence
• Bengali: শাস্ত্রজ্ঞ (śastrojno) — person providing intelligence
• Bulgarian: мо́зък (mózǎk) — person providing intelligence
• Catalan: cervell — person providing intelligence
• Chinese Mandarin: 智者 (jìzhě) — person providing intelligence
• Czech: mozek — person providing intelligence
• Dutch: brein — person providing intelligence
• Finnish: aivot — person providing intelligence
• French: cerveau — person providing intelligence
• German: Kopf — person providing intelligence
• Greek: εγκέφαλος (egkéfalos) — person providing intelligence
• Greek: μυαλό (myaló) — person providing intelligence
• Japanese: 識者 (shikisha) — person providing intelligence
• Japanese: 知識人 (chishiki jin) — person providing intelligence
• Japanese: 知的指導者 (chitekishidōsha) — person providing intelligence
• Malayalam: തലച്ചോറ് (talaccōṟ) — person providing intelligence
• Malayalam: ബുദ്ധികേന്ദ്രം (buddhikēndraṁ) — person providing intelligence
• Khiamniungan Naga: khǖîe — person providing intelligence
• Polish: mózg — person providing intelligence
• Portuguese: cabeça — person providing intelligence
• Russian: мозг (mozg) — person providing intelligence
• Russian: голова́ (golová) — person providing intelligence
• Swahili: bongo — person providing intelligence
• Swedish: hjärna — person providing intelligence
• Turkish: çaşıt — person providing intelligence
• Ukrainian: мо́зок (mózok) — person providing intelligence
• Armenian: խելք (xelkʻ) — brains: intellect
• Asturian: cerebru — brains: intellect
• Belarusian: ро́зум (rózum) — brains: intellect
• Belarusian: рассу́дак (rassúdak) — brains: intellect
• Belarusian: глузд (hluzd) — brains: intellect
• Bengali: বুদ্ধি (buddhi) — brains: intellect
• Bengali: মেধা (medha) — brains: intellect
• Bulgarian: ум (um) — brains: intellect
• Bulgarian: разсъ́дък (razsǎ́dǎk) — brains: intellect
• Chinese Cantonese: 腦 /脑 (nou5) — brains: intellect
• Chinese Mandarin: 智力 (jìlì) — brains: intellect
• Dutch: verstand — brains: intellect
• Dutch: intellect — brains: intellect
• Esperanto: cerbo — brains: intellect
• Esperanto: intelekto — brains: intellect
• Esperanto: menso — brains: intellect
• Estonian: aru — brains: intellect
• Estonian: mõistus — brains: intellect
• Estonian: taip — brains: intellect
• Finnish: äly — brains: intellect
• Finnish: älykkyys — brains: intellect
• Finnish: järki — brains: intellect
• Finnish: aivot — brains: intellect
• German: Verstand — brains: intellect
• German: Köpfchen — brains: intellect
• German: Grips — brains: intellect
• German: Hirn — brains: intellect
• Greek: μυαλό (myaló) — brains: intellect
• Greek: νοημοσύνη (noïmosýni) — brains: intellect
• Greek: νους (nous) — brains: intellect
• Hebrew: שֵׂכֶל (sekhel) — brains: intellect
• Hindi: बुद्धि (buddhi) — brains: intellect
• Japanese: 頭脳 (zunō) — brains: intellect
• Japanese: 知能 (chinou) — brains: intellect
• Japanese: 知力 (chiryoku) — brains: intellect
• Latvian: prāts — brains: intellect
• Latvian: smadzenes — brains: intellect
• Lithuanian: protas — brains: intellect
• Malayalam: ബുദ്ധി (buddhi) — brains: intellect
• Māori: ihomatua — brains: intellect
• Polish: głowa — brains: intellect
• Polish: rozum — brains: intellect
• Polish: intelekt — brains: intellect
• Portuguese: intelecto — brains: intellect
• Romanian: intelect — brains: intellect
• Russian: мозг (mozg) — brains: intellect
• Russian: башка́ (bašká) — brains: intellect
• Russian: голова́ (golová) — brains: intellect
• Russian: рассу́док (rassúdok) — brains: intellect
• Russian: ум (um) — brains: intellect
• Scottish Gaelic: eanchainn — brains: intellect
• Slovene: možgani — brains: intellect
• Spanish: seso — brains: intellect
• Spanish: sesudez — brains: intellect
• Swahili: bongo — brains: intellect
• Swedish: förstånd — brains: intellect
• Tagalog: talino — brains: intellect
• Turkish: us — brains: intellect
• Turkish: anlak — brains: intellect
• Ukrainian: ро́зум (rózum) — brains: intellect
• Ukrainian: розсу́док (rozsúdok) — brains: intellect
• Ukrainian: глузд (hluzd) — brains: intellect
• Vietnamese: trí óc — brains: intellect
• Czech: mozek — part of computer
• Estonian: aju — part of computer
• Finnish: aivot — part of computer
• French: processeur — part of computer
• Greek: εγκέφαλος (egkéfalos) — part of computer
• Swahili: bongo — part of computer
• Turkish: beyin — part of computer
• Finnish: iskeä päähän — to strike on the head
• Finnish: kolkata — to strike on the head
• Japanese: 頭を殴りつける (atama wo naguritsukeru) — to strike on the head
• Swahili: bongo — to strike on the head
• Bengali: মাথায় আঘাত করে হত্যা (mathaẏ aghat kore hotta) — to kill a person by smashing the skull
• Finnish: lyödä aivot pihalle — to kill a person by smashing the skull
• Finnish: murskata kallo — to kill a person by smashing the skull
• Japanese: 脳を打ち砕く (nō o uchikudaku) — to kill a person by smashing the skull
• Swahili: bongo — to kill a person by smashing the skull