fortress

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• General-American: /ˈfoɹ.tɹɪs/
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• General-American: /ˈfoɹ.tɹəs/
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• Received-Pronunciation: /ˈfɔː.tɹəs/
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• US: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• /ˈfɔ(ː)ɹ.tɹəs/ without the horse–hoarse merger, rhotic
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• CMU ARPABET: F AO1 R T R AH0 S Digits mark lexical stress: 1 primary, 2 secondary, 0 unstressed.
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Early 14 c., from Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”), variant of fortelesse, from Medieval Latin fortalitia, from Latin fortis (“strong”) (see fort) + -itia, added to adjectives to form nouns of quality or condition. French -ess, from Latin -itia is also in words such as duress, prowess, largesse and richesse. For change of medial -l- to -r- in Old French, compare orne (“elm”) from ulmus; chartre from cartula and chapitre from capitulum. First attested in the 12th century.

156 source translations are retained for this English entry.

• Ainu: チャシ (chashi) — fortified place
• Albanian: kala — fortified place
• Albanian: fortesë — fortified place
• Southern Altai: коргон (korgon) — fortified place
• Arabic: قَلْعَة (qalʕa) — fortified place
• Arabic: حِصْن (ḥiṣn) — fortified place
• Arabic: قلعة (qalʕa) — fortified place
• Armenian: ամրոց (amrocʻ) — fortified place
• Armenian: բերդ (berd) — fortified place
• Aromanian: tsitati — fortified place
• Aromanian: grãditã — fortified place
• Azerbaijani: qala — fortified place
• Basque: gotorleku — fortified place
• Belarusian: крэ́пасць (krépascʹ) — fortified place
• Belarusian: фартэ́цыя (fartécyja) — fortified place
• Belarusian: цвердзь (cvjerdzʹ) — fortified place
• Belarusian: фартэ́ца (fartéca) — fortified place
• Bengali: দুর্গ (durgo) — fortified place
• Bengali: কেল্লা (kella) — fortified place
• Bengali: কোট (kōṭ) — fortified place
• Bulgarian: кре́пост (krépost) — fortified place
• Burmese: ခံမြို့ (hkammrui.) — fortified place
• Burmese: ခံတပ် (hkamtap) — fortified place
• Catalan: fortalesa — fortified place
• Chinese Mandarin: 要塞 (yàosài) — fortified place
• Chinese Mandarin: 城堡 (chéngbǎo) — fortified place
• Chinese Mandarin: 堡壘 /堡垒 (bǎolěi) — fortified place
• Czech: pevnost — fortified place
• Danish: fæstning — fortified place
• Dutch: vesting — fortified place
• Dutch: fort — fortified place
• Dzongkha: རྫོང (rdzong) — fortified place
• Erzya: кемечикудо (kemečikudo) — fortified place
• Esperanto: fortreso — fortified place
• Esperanto: fortiko — fortified place
• Estonian: kindlus — fortified place
• Finnish: linnoitus — fortified place
• French: forteresse — fortified place
• Galician: forte — fortified place
• Galician: fortaleza — fortified place
• Georgian: ციხესიმაგრე (cixesimagre) — fortified place
• German: Festung — fortified place
• Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (baurgs) — fortified place
• Greek: φρούριο (froúrio) — fortified place
• Ancient Greek: φρούριον (phroúrion) — fortified place
• Ancient Greek: ὀχύρωμα (okhúrōma) — fortified place
• Hebrew: מִבְצָר (mivtsár) — fortified place
• Hebrew: מִשְׂגָּב (misgáv) — fortified place
• Hebrew: מְצוּדָה (m'tzudá) — fortified place
• Hindi: गढ़ी (gaṛhī) — fortified place
• Hindi: क़िला (qilā) — fortified place
• Hindi: दुर्ग (durg) — fortified place
• Hungarian: vár — fortified place
• Hungarian: erőd — fortified place
• Hungarian: erődítmény — fortified place
• Icelandic: virki — fortified place
• Ido: fortreso — fortified place
• Ingrian: kreeposti — fortified place
• Irish: dún — fortified place
• Italian: fortezza — fortified place
• Italian: rocca — fortified place
• Japanese: 要塞 (yōsai) — fortified place
• Japanese: 城塞 (jōsai) — fortified place
• Kalmyk: шивә (şivä) — fortified place
• Karakalpak: qorg'an — fortified place
• Kazakh: бекініс (bekınıs) — fortified place
• Kazakh: қамал (qamal) — fortified place
• Khmer: បន្ទាយ (bɑɑbɑntiəy) — fortified place
• Korean: 요새 (yosae) — fortified place
• Korean: 성새 (seongsae) — fortified place
• Central Kurdish: قەڵا (qella) — fortified place
• Northern Kurdish: birc — fortified place
• Northern Kurdish: kelhe — fortified place
• Kyrgyz: сепил (sepil) — fortified place
• Kyrgyz: коргон (korgon) — fortified place
• Lao: ປ້ອມ (pǭm) — fortified place
• Lao: ບຸລະ (bu la) — fortified place
• Latin: castrum — fortified place
• Latin: castellum — fortified place
• Latin: arx — fortified place
• Latvian: cietoksnis — fortified place
• Lithuanian: tvirtovė — fortified place
• Macedonian: твр́дина (tvŕdina) — fortified place
• Macedonian: ка́ле (kále) — fortified place
• Macedonian: кре́пост (krépost) — fortified place
• Malay: kubu — fortified place
• Malay: benteng — fortified place
• Maranao: ilian — fortified place
• Mongolian: цайз (cajz) — fortified place
• Mongolian: хэрэм (xerem) — fortified place
• Classical Nahuatl: yāōcalli — fortified place
• Norman: fortéresse — fortified place
• Norwegian Bokmål: festning — fortified place
• Norwegian Nynorsk: festning — fortified place
• Occitan: fortalesa — fortified place
• Old English: fæsten — fortified place
• Pashto: قلعه (qal'á) — fortified place
• Dari: دِژ (diž) — fortified place
• Dari: قَلْعَه (qal'a) — fortified place
• Iranian Persian: دِژ (dež) — fortified place
• Iranian Persian: قَلْعِه (ġal'e) — fortified place
• Polish: forteca — fortified place
• Polish: twierdza — fortified place
• Polish: warownia — fortified place
• Portuguese: fortaleza — fortified place
• Potawatomi: wakaigin — fortified place
• Quechua: pukara — fortified place
• Romanian: cetate — fortified place
• Romanian: fortăreață — fortified place
• Russian: кре́пость (krépostʹ) — fortified place
• Sanskrit: पुरा (purā) — fortified place
• Sanskrit: दुर्ग (durga) — fortified place
• Sanskrit: पुरी (purī) — fortified place
• Scots: fortress — fortified place
• Scottish Gaelic: dùn — fortified place
• Serbo-Croatian: твр̀ђава — fortified place
• Serbo-Croatian: у̏тврда — fortified place
• Serbo-Croatian: тврђа — fortified place
• Serbo-Croatian: tvr̀đava — fortified place
• Serbo-Croatian: ȕtvrda — fortified place
• Serbo-Croatian: tvȑđa — fortified place
• Shona: svingo — fortified place
• Slovak: pevnosť — fortified place
• Slovak: tvrdza — fortified place
• Slovene: utrdba — fortified place
• Lower Sorbian: grod — fortified place
• Spanish: fortaleza — fortified place
• Swedish: fästning — fortified place
• Tajik: қалъа (qal'a) — fortified place
• Tajik: диж (diž) — fortified place
• Tamil: கோட்டை (kōṭṭai) — fortified place
• Tashelhit: ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ (tagadirt) — fortified place
• Tatar: кальга (qälğa) — fortified place
• Thai: ป้อม (bpɔ̂m) — fortified place
• Thai: ปราการ (bpraa-gaan) — fortified place
• Turkish: kale — fortified place
• Turkish: hisar — fortified place
• Ottoman Turkish: حصار (hisar) — fortified place
• Ottoman Turkish: حصن (hısn) — fortified place
• Ottoman Turkish: قلعه (kalʼe) — fortified place
• Ottoman Turkish: كرمان (kerman, kirman) — fortified place
• Ottoman Turkish: قسطل (kastel) — fortified place
• Turkmen: gala — fortified place
• Ukrainian: форте́ця (fortécja) — fortified place
• Ukrainian: крі́пость (krípostʹ) — fortified place
• Ukrainian: тверди́ня (tverdýnja) — fortified place
• Urdu: قِلْعَہ (qil'a) — fortified place
• Urdu: قَلْعَہ (qal'a) — fortified place
• Uyghur: قەلئە (qel'e) — fortified place
• Uzbek: qalʻa — fortified place
• Vietnamese: pháo đài — fortified place
• Welsh: caer — fortified place
• Yiddish: פֿעסטונג (festung) — fortified place
• Zhuang: yausai — fortified place
• German: Festung — chess technique
• Russian: крепость (krepostʹ) — chess technique