gall

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• Received-Pronunciation: /ɡɔːl/
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• Australian, British, New-Zealand, Southern, Standard: /ɡoːl/
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• Southern-England: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• /ɡɔl/ without the cot–caught merger
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• cot-caught-merger: /ɡɑl/
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• Scotland: /ɡɔl/
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• CMU ARPABET: G AO1 L Digits mark lexical stress: 1 primary, 2 secondary, 0 unstressed.
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* As an English, Scottish Gaelic, and Irish surname, of Celtic origin, from Gall (“foreigner”). This is in turn from Latin Gallus, which has borrowings (many of which are surnames) in several European languages, such as Czech Havel, Polish Gawel. * As a Hungarian surname, variant of Gál, itself from the Latin word.

From Middle English galle, from Old English ġealla, galla, from Proto-West Germanic *gallā, from Proto-Germanic *gallǭ. The figurative senses (e.g., impudence, brazenness, chutzpah) are related to the literal sense (i.e., bile) via the lasting linguocultural effects of humorism, which governed Western medicine for many centuries before the advent of scientific medicine. Related to Dutch gal, German Galle, Swedish galle, galla, Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ). Also remotely related with yellow and gold.

From Middle English galle, from Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”), from Proto-West Germanic *gallō, from Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”).

From Middle English galle, from Old French galle, from Latin galla (“oak-apple”).

183 source translations are retained for this English entry.

• Bulgarian: нахалство (nahalstvo) — impudence or brazenness
• Czech: drzost — impudence or brazenness
• Czech: nestydatost — impudence or brazenness
• Dutch: lef — impudence or brazenness
• Dutch: durf — impudence or brazenness
• Finnish: röyhkeys — impudence or brazenness
• Finnish: otsa — impudence or brazenness
• Finnish: pokka — impudence or brazenness
• French: culot — impudence or brazenness
• French: effronterie — impudence or brazenness
• French: toupet — impudence or brazenness
• Georgian: კადნიერება (ḳadniereba) — impudence or brazenness
• Georgian: თავხედობა (tavxedoba) — impudence or brazenness
• German: Frechheit — impudence or brazenness
• German: Unverfrorenheit — impudence or brazenness
• Greek: θράσος (thrásos) — impudence or brazenness
• Irish: brusaireacht — impudence or brazenness
• Irish: dánacht — impudence or brazenness
• Irish: coráiste — impudence or brazenness
• Portuguese: impudência — impudence or brazenness
• Romanian: tupeu — impudence or brazenness
• Romanian: impertinență — impudence or brazenness
• Spanish: descaro — impudence or brazenness
• Spanish: desfachatez — impudence or brazenness
• Swedish: fräckhet — impudence or brazenness
• Dutch: gal — great misery or physical suffering
• Dutch: leed — great misery or physical suffering
• Finnish: piina — great misery or physical suffering
• Georgian: ნაღველი (naɣveli) — great misery or physical suffering
• Georgian: მწუხარება (mc̣uxareba) — great misery or physical suffering
• Greek: πίκρα (píkra) — great misery or physical suffering
• Greek: χολή (cholí) — great misery or physical suffering
• Māori: paoa — great misery or physical suffering
• Portuguese: miséria — great misery or physical suffering
• Portuguese: penúria — great misery or physical suffering
• Portuguese: amargura — great misery or physical suffering
• Romanian: mizerie — great misery or physical suffering
• Spanish: penuria — great misery or physical suffering
• Spanish: doloroso — great misery or physical suffering
• Dutch: schaafwonde — sore on a horse
• Finnish: lyöttymä — sore on a horse
• Greek: παράτριμμα (parátrimma) — sore on a horse
• Irish: mairc — sore on a horse
• Turkish: yağır — sore on a horse
• Turkish: cıdağı — sore on a horse
• Ottoman Turkish: یاغیر (yağır) — sore on a horse
• Ottoman Turkish: جداو (cıdav) — sore on a horse
• Bulgarian: ожулване (ožulvane) — sore or open wound caused by chafing
• Dutch: schaafwonde — sore or open wound caused by chafing
• Finnish: hankauma — sore or open wound caused by chafing
• Galician: esfoladura — sore or open wound caused by chafing
• Greek: παράτριμμα (parátrimma) — sore or open wound caused by chafing
• Irish: mairc — sore or open wound caused by chafing
• Portuguese: esfolamento — sore or open wound caused by chafing
• Romanian: rosătură — sore or open wound caused by chafing
• Finnish: suuttumus — feeling of exasperation
• Finnish: katkeruus — feeling of exasperation
• Greek: χολή (cholí) — feeling of exasperation
• Greek: χόλιασμα (chóliasma) — feeling of exasperation
• Greek: πίκρα (píkra) — feeling of exasperation
• Portuguese: exasperação — feeling of exasperation
• Portuguese: exaspero — feeling of exasperation
• Romanian: exasperare — feeling of exasperation
• Finnish: hankauma — pit caused on a surface caused by friction between the surfaces
• Russian: истира́ние (istiránije) — pit caused on a surface caused by friction between the surfaces
• Armenian: գխտոր (gxtor) — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Catalan: gala — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Catalan: agalla — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Chichewa: ndulu — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Chinese Mandarin: 癭 /瘿 (yǐng) — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Czech: hálka — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Dutch: gal — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Dutch: galknobbel — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Finnish: äkämä — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• French: galle — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Galician: bugalla — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Galician: bugallo — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Galician: bullaca — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Galician: bullaco — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Galician: carrabouxa — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Galician: carrabouxo — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Galician: cecidio — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Galician: coco — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• German: Galle — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• German: Gallapfel — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• German: Pflanzengalle — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• German: Zezidie — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• German: Cecidie — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Hebrew: עפץ — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Hebrew: עָָפָץ (afáts) — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Italian: galla — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Japanese: 虫癭 (chūei) — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Japanese: 虫瘤 (mushikobu) — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Latin: galla — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Polish: galas — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Polish: galasówka — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Portuguese: agalha — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Portuguese: bugalha — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Portuguese: bugalho — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Portuguese: cecídia — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Portuguese: cecídio — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Portuguese: galha — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Romanian: gală — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Romanian: cecidie — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Russian: галл (gall) — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Russian: черни́льный оре́шек (černílʹnyj oréšek) — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Slovene: šiška — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Spanish: agalla — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Turkish: mazı — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Ottoman Turkish: مازو (mazu, mazı) — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Ukrainian: гал (hal) — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Welsh: darafal — blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants
• Dutch: knoop — bump-like imperfection
• Dutch: knobbel — bump-like imperfection
• Finnish: äkämä — bump-like imperfection
• Finnish: patti — bump-like imperfection
• Finnish: möykky — bump-like imperfection
• Finnish: takku — bump-like imperfection
• Greek: όζος (ózos) — bump-like imperfection
• Greek: εξόγκωμα (exógkoma) — bump-like imperfection
• Portuguese: galo — bump-like imperfection
• Portuguese: calombo — bump-like imperfection
• ǃXóõ: gǁkxʻáã — bump-like imperfection
• Bulgarian: протривам (protrivam) — to chafe
• Bulgarian: ожулвам (ožulvam) — to chafe
• Dutch: schaven — to chafe
• Dutch: wrijven — to chafe
• Dutch: storen — to chafe
• Finnish: hiertää — to chafe
• German: wundreiben — to chafe
• German: wundscheuern — to chafe
• Portuguese: esfolar — to chafe
• Romanian: zgâria — to chafe
• Romanian: roade — to chafe
• Swedish: skava — to chafe
• Ukrainian: натирати (natyraty) — to chafe
• Ukrainian: натерти (naterty) — to chafe
• Bulgarian: дразня (draznja) — to trouble or bother
• Czech: štvát — to trouble or bother
• Czech: dráždit — to trouble or bother
• Dutch: storen — to trouble or bother
• Dutch: lastigvallen — to trouble or bother
• Dutch: ambeteren — to trouble or bother
• Finnish: vaivata — to trouble or bother
• Finnish: sapettaa — to trouble or bother
• French: déranger — to trouble or bother
• French: gêner — to trouble or bother
• French: troubler — to trouble or bother
• Georgian: შეწუხება (šec̣uxeba) — to trouble or bother
• Georgian: გაღიზიანება (gaɣizianeba) — to trouble or bother
• German: stören — to trouble or bother
• German: lästigfallen — to trouble or bother
• Portuguese: incomodar — to trouble or bother
• Romanian: deranja — to trouble or bother
• Romanian: incomoda — to trouble or bother
• Romanian: enerva — to trouble or bother
• Spanish: incomodar — to trouble or bother
• Dutch: storen — to harass, harry
• Dutch: lastigvallen — to harass, harry
• Dutch: ambeteren — to harass, harry
• Finnish: häiritä — to harass, harry
• French: harceler — to harass, harry
• German: belästigen — to harass, harry
• German: schikanieren — to harass, harry
• Portuguese: atormentar — to harass, harry
• Romanian: tracasa — to harass, harry
• Romanian: molesta — to harass, harry
• Romanian: sâcâi — to harass, harry
• Catalan: exasperar — to exasperate
• Czech: štvát — to exasperate
• Czech: dráždit — to exasperate
• Czech: jít na nervy — to exasperate
• Dutch: storen — to exasperate
• Finnish: ärsyttää — to exasperate
• Finnish: suututtaa — to exasperate
• French: exaspérer — to exasperate
• Georgian: გაღიზიანება (gaɣizianeba) — to exasperate
• Georgian: გულის გაწყალება (gulis gac̣q̇aleba) — to exasperate
• German: ärgern — to exasperate
• Ido: exasperar — to exasperate
• Portuguese: exasperar — to exasperate
• Romanian: exaspera — to exasperate
• Spanish: exasperar — to exasperate