graft

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• Received-Pronunciation: /ɡɹɑːft/
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• Northern-England, US: /ɡɹæft/
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• Australia: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• rhymes with -ɑːft
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• rhymes with -æft
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• CMU ARPABET: G R AE1 F T Digits mark lexical stress: 1 primary, 2 secondary, 0 unstressed.
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From Middle English graffe, from Old French greffe (“stylus”), from Latin graphium (“stylus”), from Ancient Greek γραφείον (grapheíon), from γράφειν (gráphein, “to write”); probably akin to English carve. So named from the resemblance of a scion or shoot to a pointed pencil. Doublet of graphium. Compare graphic, grammar.

From Middle Dutch graft (“canal”), from graven (“dig”). The contemporary senses “depth of digging blade” and “narrow spade” may have a separate history, but this is uncertain. Compare Old English grafet (“trench”), Old Norse grǫft (“the action of digging”). Attested from the 17th century. Doublet of gracht.

Uncertain. Some lexicographers suggest an extended use of Etymology 2, above, expanding from “digging” to work more generally, and from there to dishonest work. Others, however, suggest an extension from Etymology 1, shifting from “a shoot or scion” to the notion of corruption through the idea of excrescence.

194 source translations are retained for this English entry.

• Andalusian Arabic: قرة (qurra) — small shoot or scion
• Assamese: কলম (kolom) — small shoot or scion
• Bulgarian: калем (kalem) — small shoot or scion
• Bulgarian: присад (prisad) — small shoot or scion
• Catalan: empelt — small shoot or scion
• Chinese Mandarin: 接枝 (jiēzhī) — small shoot or scion
• Czech: roub — small shoot or scion
• Czech: štěp — small shoot or scion
• Dutch: ent — small shoot or scion
• Finnish: varte — small shoot or scion
• French: greffon — small shoot or scion
• French: greffe — small shoot or scion
• Galician: puga — small shoot or scion
• Galician: esgallo — small shoot or scion
• Galician: enxerto — small shoot or scion
• German: Pfropfreis — small shoot or scion
• Greek: μπόλι (bóli) — small shoot or scion
• Hungarian: oltóág — small shoot or scion
• Hungarian: oltóvessző — small shoot or scion
• Indonesian: cangkok — small shoot or scion
• Indonesian: setek — small shoot or scion
• Indonesian: enten — small shoot or scion
• Irish: beangán — small shoot or scion
• Italian: trapianto — small shoot or scion
• Latin: clāvula — small shoot or scion
• Luxembourgish: Praff — small shoot or scion
• Norman: ente — small shoot or scion
• Norman: greffe — small shoot or scion
• Norwegian Bokmål: pode — small shoot or scion
• Norwegian Nynorsk: pode — small shoot or scion
• Occitan: empèut — small shoot or scion
• Occitan: ensèrt — small shoot or scion
• Portuguese: enxerto — small shoot or scion
• Romanian: altoi — small shoot or scion
• Russian: приво́й (privój) — small shoot or scion
• Serbo-Croatian: ка̀лем — small shoot or scion
• Serbo-Croatian: kàlem — small shoot or scion
• Slovak: štep — small shoot or scion
• Spanish: injerto — small shoot or scion
• Spanish: empeltre — small shoot or scion
• Spanish: enjerto — small shoot or scion
• Swedish: ymp — small shoot or scion
• Swedish: stickling — small shoot or scion
• Turkish: aşı — small shoot or scion
• Catalan: empelt — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Dutch: ent — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Finnish: varte — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• French: greffon — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Galician: enxerto — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Hungarian: oltvány — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Indonesian: hasil pencangkokan — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Irish: beangán — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Norman: ente — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Norman: greffe — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Occitan: empèut — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Occitan: ensèrt — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Portuguese: enxerto — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Russian: приво́й (privój) — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Slovak: štep — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Spanish: injerto — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Spanish: enjerto — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Spanish: empeltre — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Swedish: ymp — branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot
• Arabic: طُعْم (ṭuʕm) — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Catalan: empelt — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Cimbrian: bröol — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Czech: štěp — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Dutch: transplantaat — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Finnish: siirre — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Finnish: siirrännäinen — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• French: greffon — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Galician: enxerto — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• German: Transplantat — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Hungarian: átültetett szövet — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Italian: trapianto — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Latin: insertio — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Latin: insitum — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Norman: greffe — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Occitan: ensèrt — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Occitan: empèut — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Occitan: transplant — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Portuguese: enxerto — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Romanian: grefon — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Russian: транспланта́т (transplantát) — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Serbo-Croatian: трансплантат — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Serbo-Croatian: transplantat — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Spanish: injerto — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Swedish: transplantat — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Turkish: yama — portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty
• Armenian: կաշառակերություն (kašaṙakerutʻyun) — corruption in official life
• Bulgarian: подкуп (podkup) — corruption in official life
• Dutch: corruptie — corruption in official life
• Finnish: mädännäisyys — corruption in official life
• French: corruption — corruption in official life
• Occitan: corrupcion — corruption in official life
• Russian: взяточничество (vzjatočničestvo) — corruption in official life
• Russian: подкуп (podkup) — corruption in official life
• Finnish: voiteluraha — illicit profit by corrupt means, especially in public life
• Dutch: métier — criminal's special branch of practice
• Dutch: branche — criminal's special branch of practice
• Dutch: specialiteit — criminal's special branch of practice
• Occitan: branca — criminal's special branch of practice
• Occitan: rama — criminal's special branch of practice
• Russian: моше́нничество (mošénničestvo) — criminal's special branch of practice
• Finnish: huijaus — con job
• Portuguese: golpe — con job
• Dutch: aandeel — slang: cut of the take
• Dutch: deel — slang: cut of the take
• Dutch: portie — slang: cut of the take
• Finnish: siivu — slang: cut of the take
• Slovak: podiel — slang: cut of the take
• Bulgarian: подкуп (podkup) — bribe
• Dutch: smeergeld — bribe
• Finnish: voiteluraha — bribe
• Māori: utu whakapati — bribe
• Portuguese: suborno — bribe
• Slovak: úplatok — bribe
• Dutch: labeur — hard work
• Finnish: raataminen — hard work
• Māori: whakarīrā — hard work
• Albanian: shartoj — to insert a graft in another tree
• Armenian: պատվաստել (patvastel) — to insert a graft in another tree
• Bulgarian: присаждам (prisaždam) — to insert a graft in another tree
• Bulgarian: ашладисвам (ašladisvam) — to insert a graft in another tree
• Catalan: empeltar — to insert a graft in another tree
• Czech: roubovat — to insert a graft in another tree
• Dutch: enten — to insert a graft in another tree
• Finnish: varttaa — to insert a graft in another tree
• French: greffer — to insert a graft in another tree
• French: enter — to insert a graft in another tree
• Galician: enxertar — to insert a graft in another tree
• German: pfropfen — to insert a graft in another tree
• Greek: εμβολιάζω (emvoliázo) — to insert a graft in another tree
• Italian: innestare — to insert a graft in another tree
• Japanese: 接ぐ (tsugu) — to insert a graft in another tree
• Norwegian Bokmål: pode — to insert a graft in another tree
• Norwegian Nynorsk: pode — to insert a graft in another tree
• Norwegian Nynorsk: pote — to insert a graft in another tree
• Occitan: empeutar — to insert a graft in another tree
• Occitan: ensertar — to insert a graft in another tree
• Old English: impian — to insert a graft in another tree
• Persian: پیوند زدن (peyvand zadan) — to insert a graft in another tree
• Piedmontese: enté — to insert a graft in another tree
• Polish: zaszczepiać — to insert a graft in another tree
• Polish: szczepić — to insert a graft in another tree
• Portuguese: enxertar — to insert a graft in another tree
• Romanian: altoi — to insert a graft in another tree
• Russian: привива́ть (privivátʹ) — to insert a graft in another tree
• Russian: приви́ть (privítʹ) — to insert a graft in another tree
• Serbo-Croatian: ка̀лемити — to insert a graft in another tree
• Serbo-Croatian: нака̀лемити — to insert a graft in another tree
• Serbo-Croatian: kàlemiti — to insert a graft in another tree
• Serbo-Croatian: nakàlemiti — to insert a graft in another tree
• Slovak: zaštepiť — to insert a graft in another tree
• Spanish: injertar — to insert a graft in another tree
• Spanish: enjertar — to insert a graft in another tree
• Spanish: injerir — to insert a graft in another tree
• Spanish: inserir — to insert a graft in another tree
• Swedish: ympa — to insert a graft in another tree
• Telugu: అంటుకట్టు (aṇṭukaṭṭu) — to insert a graft in another tree
• Turkish: aşılamak — to insert a graft in another tree
• Catalan: empeltar — to implant to form an organic union
• Dutch: transplanteren — to implant to form an organic union
• Finnish: tehdä elinsiirto — to implant to form an organic union
• German: transplantieren — to implant to form an organic union
• Occitan: ensertar — to implant to form an organic union
• Occitan: empeutar — to implant to form an organic union
• Occitan: transplantar — to implant to form an organic union
• Persian: پیوند زدن (peyvand zadan) — to implant to form an organic union
• Portuguese: enxertar — to implant to form an organic union
• Russian: импланти́ровать (implantírovatʹ) — to implant to form an organic union
• Spanish: injertar — to implant to form an organic union
• Spanish: enjertar — to implant to form an organic union
• Spanish: injerir — to implant to form an organic union
• Spanish: inserir — to implant to form an organic union
• Swedish: transplantera — to implant to form an organic union
• Dutch: enten — to join as if by grafting
• Finnish: liittää — to join as if by grafting
• Occitan: ensertar — to join as if by grafting
• Occitan: empeutar — to join as if by grafting
• Portuguese: enxertar — to join as if by grafting
• Dutch: enten — to insert scions
• Finnish: varttaa — to insert scions
• Galician: enxertar — to insert scions
• German: pfropfen — to insert scions
• Hungarian: olt — to insert scions
• Italian: innestare — to insert scions
• Norwegian Bokmål: pode — to insert scions
• Norwegian Nynorsk: pode — to insert scions
• Norwegian Nynorsk: pote — to insert scions
• Portuguese: enxertar — to insert scions
• Swedish: ympa — to insert scions
• Turkish: aşılamak — to insert scions
• Finnish: oksastaa — to form a graft polymer