grandfather

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• UK: /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌfɑːðə(r)/
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• UK: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• Received-Pronunciation: /ˈɡɹændˌfɑːðə/
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• General-American: grănd′fäthər
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• General-American: /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌfɑðɚ/
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• General-American: [ˈɡɹ̠(w)ẽˑə̯̃n(d)ˌfɑˑðɚ]
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• General-American: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• Australia: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• CMU ARPABET: G R AE1 N D F AA2 DH ER0 Digits mark lexical stress: 1 primary, 2 secondary, 0 unstressed.
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• CMU ARPABET 2: G R AE1 N F AA2 DH ER0 Digits mark lexical stress: 1 primary, 2 secondary, 0 unstressed.
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The noun is derived from Middle English grandfadre, graundfadir, graunfadir, grauntfader, and other forms, from graunt (“big, large; great, important”) + fā̆der (“male parent, father; remoter male ancestor”), probably modelled after Middle French grandpere, grant pere (“male parent; remoter male ancestor”) (whence French grand-père); the English word is analysable as grand- + father. Superseded earlier eldfather, elderfather. The verb is derived from the noun.

From grandfather clause: see grandfather (etymology 1) and clause.

411 source translations are retained for this English entry.

• Abkhaz: абду (abdu) — grandfather (from either side)
• Acehnese: syik — grandfather (from either side)
• Acehnese: nek — grandfather (from either side)
• Afrikaans: oupa — grandfather (from either side)
• Ahtna: -tsiye — grandfather (from either side)
• Ainu: エカㇱヒ (ekashi) — grandfather (from either side)
• Akkadian: 𒀀𒁉 𒀀𒁉 (/⁠ab abi⁠/) — grandfather (from either side)
• Albanian: gjysh — grandfather (from either side)
• Albanian: babagjysh — grandfather (from either side)
• Albanian: tatëmadh — grandfather (from either side)
• Albanian: tatëlosh — grandfather (from either side)
• Albanian: tatëzot — grandfather (from either side)
• Albanian: tatëgjysh — grandfather (from either side)
• Aleut: latux — grandfather (from either side)
• Southern Altai: таада (taada) — grandfather (from either side)
• Ambonese Malay: opa — grandfather (from either side)
• Amharic: አያት (ʾäyat) — grandfather (from either side)
• Arabic: جَدّ (jadd) — grandfather (from either side)
• Arabic: جد (gidd) — grandfather (from either side)
• Arabic: سِيد (sīd) — grandfather (from either side)
• Arabic: جَدّ (jadd) — grandfather (from either side)
• Iraqi Arabic: جِدّ (jidd) — grandfather (from either side)
• Arabic: جد (jadd) — grandfather (from either side)
• Arabic: با سيد (bā sīd) — grandfather (from either side)
• Arabic: جد (jidd) — grandfather (from either side)
• Arabic: سيد (sīd) — grandfather (from either side)
• Aragonese: agüelo — grandfather (from either side)
• Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܣܵܒ݂ܵܐ (sāḇā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Aramaic: ܣܒܐ (sāḇā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Aramaic: ܩܫܝܫܐ (qaššīšā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Armenian: պապ (pap) — grandfather (from either side)
• Armenian: պապիկ (papik) — grandfather (from either side)
• Armenian: հավ (hav) — grandfather (from either side)
• Aromanian: ghiush — grandfather (from either side)
• Aromanian: tot — grandfather (from either side)
• Aromanian: pap — grandfather (from either side)
• Assamese: ককা (koka) — grandfather (from either side)
• Asturian: güelu — grandfather (from either side)
• Avar: кӏудада (kʼudada) — grandfather (from either side)
• Avar: дахӏадада (daḥradada) — grandfather (from either side)
• Azerbaijani: baba — grandfather (from either side)
• Bangi: nkoko — grandfather (from either side)
• Bashkir: олатай (olatay) — grandfather (from either side)
• Bashkir: ҡартатай (qartatay) — grandfather (from either side)
• Basque: aitona — grandfather (from either side)
• Basque: aitatxi — grandfather (from either side)
• Belarusian: дзед (dzjed) — grandfather (from either side)
• Belarusian: дзяду́ля (dzjadúlja) — grandfather (from either side)
• Bengali: ঠাকুরদা দাদু (ṭhakurda) — grandfather (from either side)
• Bengali: দাদা (dada) — grandfather (from either side)
• Bengali: নানা (nana) — grandfather (from either side)
• Bhojpuri: दादाजी (dādājī) — grandfather (from either side)
• Central Bikol: lolo — grandfather (from either side)
• Breton: tad-kozh — grandfather (from either side)
• Bulgarian: дя́до (djádo) — grandfather (from either side)
• Burmese: အဘိုး (a.bhui:) — grandfather (from either side)
• Burmese: ဘိုးဘိုး (bhui:bhui:) — grandfather (from either side)
• Carian: 𐊨𐊲𐊨 (quq) — grandfather (from either side)
• Catalan: avi — grandfather (from either side)
• Chamicuro: lokoko — grandfather (from either side)
• Cherokee: ᎤᏚᏚ (ududu) — grandfather (from either side)
• Cherokee: ᎤᏂᏏ (unisi) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chichewa: gogo — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese Cantonese: 爺爺 /爷爷 (paternal) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese Cantonese: 公公 (maternal) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese Cantonese: 祖父 (zou2 fu6) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese Cantonese: 外祖父 (ngoi6 zou2 fu6) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese Cantonese: 外公 (ngoi6 gung1) — grandfather (from either side)
• Hakka Chinese: 阿公 (â-kûng) — grandfather (from either side)
• Hakka Chinese: 姐公 (chiá-kûng) — grandfather (from either side)
• Hakka Chinese: 外阿公 (ngoi-â-kûng) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese: 阿公 (zh-min-nan) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese: 俺公 (án-kong) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese: 外公 (guā-kong) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese: 火烌公 (hóe-hu-kong, hé-hu-kong) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese: 內公 /内公 (lāi-kong) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese Mandarin: 爺爺 /爷爷 (yéye) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese Mandarin: 祖父 (zǔfù) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese Mandarin: 外祖父 (wàizǔfù) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinese Mandarin: 外公 (wàigōng) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chinook Jargon: chitsh — grandfather (from either side)
• Chukchi: апайӈын (apajṇyn) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chuvash: асатте (as̬atte) — grandfather (from either side)
• Chuvash: кукаҫи (kuk̬aś̬i) — grandfather (from either side)
• West Circassian: пшъашъэ (pŝaŝɛ) — grandfather (from either side)
• Corsican: babbone — grandfather (from either side)
• Crimean Tatar: qartbaba — grandfather (from either side)
• Czech: děda — grandfather (from either side)
• Czech: děd — grandfather (from either side)
• Danish: bedstefar — grandfather (from either side)
• Danish: bedstefader — grandfather (from either side)
• Central Dusun: taki — grandfather (from either side)
• Dutch: grootvader — grandfather (from either side)
• Dutch: opa — grandfather (from either side)
• Dutch: bompa — grandfather (from either side)
• Erzya: покштя (pokšťa) — grandfather (from either side)
• Erzya: бодя (boďa) — grandfather (from either side)
• Esperanto: avo — grandfather (from either side)
• Estonian: vanaisa — grandfather (from either side)
• Ewe: tɔgbui — grandfather (from either side)
• Extremaduran: abuelu — grandfather (from either side)
• Faroese: abbi — grandfather (from either side)
• Faroese: avi — grandfather (from either side)
• Finnish: isoisä — grandfather (from either side)
• Finnish: Thesaurus:isoisä — grandfather (from either side)
• French: grand-père — grandfather (from either side)
• French: aïeul — grandfather (from either side)
• North Frisian: åte — grandfather (from either side)
• North Frisian: Gooki — grandfather (from either side)
• West-Frisian: pake — grandfather (from either side)
• Friulian: nono — grandfather (from either side)
• Friulian: von — grandfather (from either side)
• Galician: avó — grandfather (from either side)
• Georgian: პაპა (ṗaṗa) — grandfather (from either side)
• Georgian: ბაბუა (babua) — grandfather (from either side)
• German: Großvater — grandfather (from either side)
• German: Grossvater — grandfather (from either side)
• German: Opa — grandfather (from either side)
• German: Opi — grandfather (from either side)
• German: Großvater väterlicherseits — grandfather (from either side)
• German: Großvater mütterlicherseits — grandfather (from either side)
• German: Äni — grandfather (from either side)
• Greek: παππούς (pappoús) — grandfather (from either side)
• Greek: πάππος (páppos) — grandfather (from either side)
• Ancient Greek: πάππος (páppos) — grandfather (from either side)
• Greenlandic: aataq — grandfather (from either side)
• Greenlandic: aataa — grandfather (from either side)
• Gujarati: નાનો (nāno) — grandfather (from either side)
• Gujarati: દાદો (dādo) — grandfather (from either side)
• Hausa: kaka — grandfather (from either side)
• Hawaiian: kupuna kāne — grandfather (from either side)
• Hebrew: סָב (sav) — grandfather (from either side)
• Hebrew: סַבָּא (sába) — grandfather (from either side)
• Hindi: दादा (dādā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Hindi: नाना (nānā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Hittite: 𒄷𒄴𒄩𒀸 (ḫuḫḫas) — grandfather (from either side)
• Hungarian: nagyapa — grandfather (from either side)
• Icelandic: afi — grandfather (from either side)
• Ido: avulo — grandfather (from either side)
• Igbo: nnanna — grandfather (from either side)
• Indonesian: kakek — grandfather (from either side)
• Indonesian: engkong — grandfather (from either side)
• Ingrian: äijä — grandfather (from either side)
• Ingush: даь-да (dä-da) — grandfather (from either side)
• Ingush: наьн-да (nän-da) — grandfather (from either side)
• Interlingua: avo — grandfather (from either side)
• Interlingua: granpatre — grandfather (from either side)
• Irish: seanathair — grandfather (from either side)
• Irish: athair críonna — grandfather (from either side)
• Old Irish: senathair — grandfather (from either side)
• Istriot: nono — grandfather (from either side)
• Italian: nonno — grandfather (from either side)
• Japanese: お爺さん (ojiisan) — grandfather (from either side)
• Japanese: 祖父 (sofu) — grandfather (from either side)
• Japanese: 外祖父 (gaisofu) — grandfather (from either side)
• Javanese: mbah — grandfather (from either side)
• Javanese: eyang — grandfather (from either side)
• Jeju: 하르방 (hareubang) — grandfather (from either side)
• Jeju: 하르바지 (hareubaji) — grandfather (from either side)
• Jeju: 하르바님 (hareubanim) — grandfather (from either side)
• Jeju: 하르벰 (hareubem) — grandfather (from either side)
• Kaitag: хвала́тта (ꭓvalátta) — grandfather (from either side)
• Kaitag: хутту (ꭓuttu) — grandfather (from either side)
• Kaitag: хватта (ꭓvatta) — grandfather (from either side)
• Kaitag: убатта (ubatta) — grandfather (from either side)
• Kaitag: аттатта (attatta) — grandfather (from either side)
• Kashmiri: بُڈؠ بَب (buḍ' bab) — grandfather (from either side)
• Kazakh: ата (ata) — grandfather (from either side)
• Kazakh: баба (baba) — grandfather (from either side)
• Khmer: តា (taa) — grandfather (from either side)
• Khmer: អយ្យកោ (ayyeakao) — grandfather (from either side)
• Khmer: ជីតា (cii taa) — grandfather (from either side)
• Khoekhoe: ǁgaosab — grandfather (from either side)
• Korean: 할아버지 (harabeoji) — grandfather (from either side)
• Korean: 친할아버지 (chinharabeoji) — grandfather (from either side)
• Korean: 외할아버지 (oeharabeoji) — grandfather (from either side)
• Krio: grandpa — grandfather (from either side)
• Krymchak: baba — grandfather (from either side)
• Kumyk: баба (baba) — grandfather (from either side)
• Central Kurdish: باپیر (bapîr) — grandfather (from either side)
• Northern Kurdish: bapîr — grandfather (from either side)
• Kyrgyz: чоң ата (coŋ ata) — grandfather (from either side)
• Kyrgyz: тай ата (tay ata) — grandfather (from either side)
• Ladino: nono — grandfather (from either side)
• Ladino: avuelo — grandfather (from either side)
• Ladino: papú — grandfather (from either side)
• Ladino: granpapa — grandfather (from either side)
• Lao: ປູ່ (pū) — grandfather (from either side)
• Lao: ຕາ (tā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Lao: ຕູ້ (tū) — grandfather (from either side)
• Lao: ໄອຍະກາ (ʼ kā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Lao: ພໍ່ໃຫຍ່ (phǭ h) — grandfather (from either side)
• Lao: ມາຕາມະຫະ (mā tā ma ha) — grandfather (from either side)
• Latgalian: vaciks — grandfather (from either side)
• Latgalian: vacjuks — grandfather (from either side)
• Latgalian: vacuļs — grandfather (from either side)
• Latin: avus — grandfather (from either side)
• Latvian: vectēvs — grandfather (from either side)
• Lingala: nkoko — grandfather (from either side)
• Lithuanian: senelis — grandfather (from either side)
• Low German: Grautvader — grandfather (from either side)
• Low German: Grotvader — grandfather (from either side)
• Low German: Grotvader & Großvader — grandfather (from either side)
• Low German: Grootvader — grandfather (from either side)
• Low German: Grootvoder — grandfather (from either side)
• Low German: Grootvadder — grandfather (from either side)
• Luganda: jjajja omusajja — grandfather (from either side)
• Luganda: jajja omusajja — grandfather (from either side)
• Lushootseed: scapaʔ — grandfather (from either side)
• Luwian: 𒄷𒌋𒄩 (ḫūḫa) — grandfather (from either side)
• Luwian: 𔕳𔓷 (huha) — grandfather (from either side)
• Luxembourgish: Grousspapp — grandfather (from either side)
• Lycian: 𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀 (χuga) — grandfather (from either side)
• Lydian: 𐤨𐤰𐤨𐤠𐤮 (kukas) — grandfather (from either side)
• Macedonian: де́до (dédo) — grandfather (from either side)
• Malay: datuk — grandfather (from either side)
• Malayalam: മുത്തച്ഛന് (muttacchaṉ) — grandfather (from either side)
• Malayalam: അപ്പൂപ്പന് (appūppaṉ) — grandfather (from either side)
• Maltese: ġidd — grandfather (from either side)
• Maltese: nannu — grandfather (from either side)
• Manchu: ᠮᠠᡶᠠ (mafa) — grandfather (from either side)
• Manchu: ᡤᠣᡵᠣ ᠮᠠᡶᠠ (goro mafa) — grandfather (from either side)
• Manx: shaner — grandfather (from either side)
• Manx: shennayr — grandfather (from either side)
• Māori: koroua — grandfather (from either side)
• Māori: tipuna tāne — grandfather (from either side)
• Māori: tupuna — grandfather (from either side)
• Māori: poua — grandfather (from either side)
• Marathi: आजोबा (ājobā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Marathi: आबा (ābā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Milyan: 𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀 (χuga) — grandfather (from either side)
• Mirandese: abó — grandfather (from either side)
• Mirandese: abó pai — grandfather (from either side)
• Mirandese: abó de las calças — grandfather (from either side)
• Mirandese: pai-abó — grandfather (from either side)
• Mirandese: bó — grandfather (from either side)
• Central Sierra Miwok: páˑpa- — grandfather (from either side)
• Mòcheno: nono — grandfather (from either side)
• Mongo: nkoko — grandfather (from either side)
• Mongolian: өвөө (övöö) — grandfather (from either side)
• Khiamniungan Naga: pàu — grandfather (from either side)
• Navajo: acheii — grandfather (from either side)
• Navajo: análí — grandfather (from either side)
• Nivkh: атак (atak) — grandfather (from either side)
• Norman: grand-péthe — grandfather (from either side)
• Norwegian Bokmål: bestefar — grandfather (from either side)
• Norwegian Bokmål: morfar — grandfather (from either side)
• Norwegian Bokmål: farfar — grandfather (from either side)
• Norwegian Nynorsk: bestefar — grandfather (from either side)
• Occitan: grand paire — grandfather (from either side)
• Odia: ଜେଜେବାପା (jejebāpā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Northern Ohlone: ká̄na 'ek pá̄pa — grandfather (from either side)
• Ojibwe: nimishoomis — grandfather (from either side)
• Church Slavic: дѣдъ (dědŭ) — grandfather (from either side)
• Old English: eald fæder — grandfather (from either side)
• Old Norse: afi — grandfather (from either side)
• O'odham: ba꞉b (maternal) — grandfather (from either side)
• O'odham: wosk — grandfather (from either side)
• Oromo: akaakayyuu — grandfather (from either side)
• Ossetian: дада (dada) — grandfather (from either side)
• Ossetian: баба (baba) — grandfather (from either side)
• Pannonian Rusyn: дїдо (djido) — grandfather (from either side)
• Papiamentu: welo — grandfather (from either side)
• Pashto: نیکه (nika) — grandfather (from either side)
• Pennsylvania German: Groossvadder — grandfather (from either side)
• Pennsylvania German: Groossdaadi — grandfather (from either side)
• Dari: پَدَرْبُزُرْگ (padarbuzurg) — grandfather (from either side)
• Iranian Persian: پِدَرْبُزُرْگ (pedarbozorg) — grandfather (from either side)
• Plautdietsch: Grootfoda — grandfather (from either side)
• Polish: dziadek — grandfather (from either side)
• Portuguese: avô — grandfather (from either side)
• Punjabi: ਦਾਦਾ (dādā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Punjabi: ਦਾਦੇ (dāde) — grandfather (from either side)
• Quechua: awki — grandfather (from either side)
• Quechua: jatun tata — grandfather (from either side)
• Romani: pàpos — grandfather (from either side)
• Romanian: bunic — grandfather (from either side)
• Romanian: tataie — grandfather (from either side)
• Romanian: tată mare — grandfather (from either side)
• Romansh: tat — grandfather (from either side)
• Romansh: non — grandfather (from either side)
• Russian: де́душка (déduška) — grandfather (from either side)
• Russian: дед (ded) — grandfather (from either side)
• Russian: деду́ля (dedúlja) — grandfather (from either side)
• Salar: baba — grandfather (from either side)
• Northern Sami: áddjá — grandfather (from either side)
• Skolt-Sami: äʹjj — grandfather (from either side)
• Sanskrit: मातामह (mātāmaha) — grandfather (from either side)
• Santali: ᱚᱡᱚ (ôjô) — grandfather (from either side)
• Sardinian: donnumannu — grandfather (from either side)
• Scots: guidsire — grandfather (from either side)
• Scots: grandfaither — grandfather (from either side)
• Scottish Gaelic: seanair — grandfather (from either side)
• Serbo-Croatian: дјед — grandfather (from either side)
• Serbo-Croatian: дед — grandfather (from either side)
• Serbo-Croatian: деда — grandfather (from either side)
• Serbo-Croatian: дека — grandfather (from either side)
• Serbo-Croatian: декица — grandfather (from either side)
• Serbo-Croatian: дедица — grandfather (from either side)
• Serbo-Croatian: djed — grandfather (from either side)
• Serbo-Croatian: ded — grandfather (from either side)
• Serbo-Croatian: deda — grandfather (from either side)
• Serbo-Croatian: deka — grandfather (from either side)
• Serbo-Croatian: dekica — grandfather (from either side)
• Serbo-Croatian: dedica — grandfather (from either side)
• Siberian Tatar: пабай — grandfather (from either side)
• Sicilian: nannu — grandfather (from either side)
• Sicilian: tata granni — grandfather (from either side)
• Sicilian: papa granni — grandfather (from either side)
• Sinhalese: පිතාමහ (pitāmaha) — grandfather (from either side)
• Sinhalese: මිති (miti) — grandfather (from either side)
• Slovak: dedo — grandfather (from either side)
• Slovak: dedko — grandfather (from either side)
• Slovak: starý otec — grandfather (from either side)
• Slovak: ded — grandfather (from either side)
• Slovene: ded — grandfather (from either side)
• Slovene: stari oče — grandfather (from either side)
• Somali: awow — grandfather (from either side)
• Sotho: ntatemoholo — grandfather (from either side)
• Spanish: abuelo — grandfather (from either side)
• Sundanese: aki — grandfather (from either side)
• Swahili: babu — grandfather (from either side)
• Swedish: farfar — grandfather (from either side)
• Swedish: morfar — grandfather (from either side)
• Tagalog: lolo — grandfather (from either side)
• Tagalog: ingkong — grandfather (from either side)
• Tagalog: lelong — grandfather (from either side)
• Tagalog: apo — grandfather (from either side)
• Tagalog: abwelo — grandfather (from either side)
• Tajik: падарбузург (padarbuzurg) — grandfather (from either side)
• Tajik: бобо (bobo) — grandfather (from either side)
• Tamil: தாத்தா (tāttā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Tamil: பாட்டன் (pāṭṭaṉ) — grandfather (from either side)
• Taos: tàłułiʼína — grandfather (from either side)
• Tatar: бабай (babay) — grandfather (from either side)
• Tatar: дәү әти (däw äti) — grandfather (from either side)
• Tatar: зур әти (zur äti) — grandfather (from either side)
• Telugu: తాతయ్య (tātayya) — grandfather (from either side)
• Telugu: తాత (tāta) — grandfather (from either side)
• Tewa: thehtáy — grandfather (from either side)
• Thai: ปู่ (bpùu) — grandfather (from either side)
• Thai: ตา (dtaa) — grandfather (from either side)
• Thai: ก๋ง (gǒng) — grandfather (from either side)
• Tibetan: སྤོ་བོ (spo bo) — grandfather (from either side)
• Tocharian B: āwe — grandfather (from either side)
• Tok Pisin: tumbuna — grandfather (from either side)
• Tokelauan: tupuna tamana — grandfather (from either side)
• Tupinambá: (t-, t-) amỹîa — grandfather (from either side)
• Turkish: dede — grandfather (from either side)
• Turkish: büyükbaba — grandfather (from either side)
• Ottoman Turkish: دده (dede) — grandfather (from either side)
• Turkmen: ata — grandfather (from either side)
• Turkmen: baba — grandfather (from either side)
• Tuvan: кырган-ача (kırgan-aça) — grandfather (from either side)
• Ukrainian: дід (did) — grandfather (from either side)
• Ukrainian: діду́сь (didúsʹ) — grandfather (from either side)
• Urdu: دادا (dādā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Urdu: نانا (nānā) — grandfather (from either side)
• Urum: baba — grandfather (from either side)
• Uyghur: بۇۋا (buwa) — grandfather (from either side)
• Uyghur: بوۋا (bowa) — grandfather (from either side)
• Uzbek: buva — grandfather (from either side)
• Uzbek: bobo — grandfather (from either side)
• Venetan: nono — grandfather (from either side)
• Vietnamese: ông — grandfather (from either side)
• Vietnamese: ôông — grandfather (from either side)
• Volapük: lefat — grandfather (from either side)
• Walloon: grand-popa — grandfather (from either side)
• Walloon: tåye — grandfather (from either side)
• Welsh: taid — grandfather (from either side)
• Welsh: tad-cu — grandfather (from either side)
• Welsh: taid — grandfather (from either side)
• Wolof: marm — grandfather (from either side)
• Xhosa: -khulu — grandfather (from either side)
• Yaghnobi: бобо (bobo) — grandfather (from either side)
• Yakut: эһэ (ehe) — grandfather (from either side)
• Yámana: ušwam — grandfather (from either side)
• Yiddish: זיידע (zeyde) — grandfather (from either side)
• Yoruba: bàbá bàbá — grandfather (from either side)
• Yoruba: bàbá ìyá — grandfather (from either side)
• Yoruba: bàbá màmá — grandfather (from either side)
• Yoruba: bàbá ńlá — grandfather (from either side)
• Yoruba: bàbá àgbà — grandfather (from either side)
• Zulu: -khulu — grandfather (from either side)
• Bengali: পরদাদা (pordada) — male forefather
• Danish: forfader — male forefather
• Dutch: voorvader — male forefather
• French: aïeul — male forefather
• Galician: devanceiro — male forefather
• Greek: παππούς (pappoús) — male forefather
• Greek: πάππος (páppos) — male forefather
• Khmer: តា (taa) — male forefather
• Khmer: អយ្យកោ (ayyeakao) — male forefather
• Khiamniungan Naga: pàu — male forefather
• Old Church Slavonic: дѣдъ (dědŭ) — male forefather
• Portuguese: avoengo — male forefather
• Romanian: străbunic — male forefather
• Romanian: strămoș — male forefather
• Romanian: străbun — male forefather
• Spanish: abuelo — male forefather
• Swahili: babu — male forefather
• Swedish: förfader — male forefather
• Tok Pisin: tumbuna — male forefather
• Galician: eximir — to retain existing laws or rules for a thing, person or organization previously affected by them
• Galician: exonerar — to retain existing laws or rules for a thing, person or organization previously affected by them
• Spanish: anteriorar — to retain existing laws or rules for a thing, person or organization previously affected by them
• Spanish: eximir por vestigio — to retain existing laws or rules for a thing, person or organization previously affected by them
• Spanish: exentar vestigialmente — to retain existing laws or rules for a thing, person or organization previously affected by them
• Spanish: exonerar — to retain existing laws or rules for a thing, person or organization previously affected by them
• Spanish: exceptuar — to retain existing laws or rules for a thing, person or organization previously affected by them
• Spanish: vestigiar — to retain existing laws or rules for a thing, person or organization previously affected by them