Standard Lemma guide

mutualism

noun · 4 senses · updated from the 2026-07-25 local source snapshot

Definitions and examples are grouped by meaning. Pronunciation, history, word forms, translations, descendants, synonyms, antonyms, derived terms, and related words appear whenever the source provides them.

Sound

Pronunciation

Each Play button uses your device's default local English voice, or a natural local fallback. The selected voice name appears after playback. This is synthesized speech, not a source recording.

  • Received-Pronunciation: /ˈmjuː.tʃʊ.əˌlɪz.m̩/
  • General-American: /ˈmju.t͡ʃu.əˌlɪz.m̩/
  • US: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
  • CMU ARPABET: M Y UW1 CH UW0 AH2 L IH2 Z AH0 M Digits mark lexical stress: 1 primary, 2 secondary, 0 unstressed.

1

noun

Meaning 1

Any interaction between two species that benefits both; typically involves the exchange of substances or services.

Definition source: English Wiktionary via Wiktextract

Usage: countable, uncountable

Topics: biology, ecology, natural-sciences

No example sentence was provided for this meaning.

Meaning relationships

Synonyms: none provided

Antonyms: none provided

2

noun

Meaning 2

An economic theory and anarchist school of thought that advocates a society where each person might possess a means of production, either individually or collectively, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market.

Definition source: English Wiktionary via Wiktextract

Usage: countable, uncountable

Topics: economics, sciences

No example sentence was provided for this meaning.

Meaning relationships

Synonyms: none provided

Antonyms: none provided

3

noun

Meaning 3

The psychometric theory that general intelligence emerges from the interaction between specific cognitive abilities.

Definition source: English Wiktionary via Wiktextract

Usage: countable, uncountable

Qualifier: psychometrics

No example sentence was provided for this meaning.

Meaning relationships

Synonyms: none provided

Antonyms: none provided

4

noun

Meaning 4

the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other

Definition source: Princeton WordNet 3.0

No example sentence was provided for this meaning.

Meaning relationships

Synonyms: symbiosis

Antonyms: none provided

Broader terms: mutuality, interdependence, interdependency

Narrower terms: trophobiosis

History

Etymology

From mutual + -ism. Compare French mutualisme and Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish mutualismo.

Across languages

Translations

15 source translations are retained for this English entry.

  • Chinese Mandarin: 互利共生 (hùlì-gòngshēng) — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • Chinese Mandarin: 互惠共生 (hùhuì-gòngshēng) — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • Chinese Mandarin: 相利共生 (xiānglì-gòngshēng) — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • Finnish: mutualismi — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • French: mutualisme — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • Indonesian: mutualisme — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • Italian: mutualismo — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • Japanese: 相利共生 (sōrikyōsei) — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • Malay: kesalingan — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • Portuguese: mutualismo — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • Romanian: mutualism — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • Slovene: mutualizem — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • Spanish: mutualismo — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • Swedish: mutualism — interaction between two species that benefits both
  • Chinese Mandarin: 互助論 /互助论 (hùzhù lùn) — economic theory
Real reading context

mutualism in complete knowledge articles