rough

Each Play button uses your device's default local English voice, or a natural local fallback. The selected voice name appears after playback. This is synthesized speech, not a source recording.

• General-American, Received-Pronunciation: /ɹʌf/
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• Southern-England: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• US: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• US: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• Australian, New-Zealand: /ɹɐf/
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• Australia: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• Northern-England: /ɹʊf/
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• Scotland, Wales: /ɾʌf/
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• rhymes with -ʌf
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• homophone: ruff
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• CMU ARPABET: R AH1 F Digits mark lexical stress: 1 primary, 2 secondary, 0 unstressed.
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From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, "rough", "rugged"”).

English and Scottish surname, variant of Ruff, itself of several origins: * From the adjective rough * Variant of Roof, Roff, Rolfe * Scots pronunciation of Rock * German variant of Ruf, itself shortened from Rudolf.

252 source translations are retained for this English entry.

• Arabic: خَشِن (ḵašin) — not smooth
• Aromanian: ascuru — not smooth
• Assamese: খহটা (khohota) — not smooth
• Asturian: aspru — not smooth
• Belarusian: гру́бы (hrúby) — not smooth
• Belarusian: грубы́ (hrubý) — not smooth
• Central Bikol: maragkot — not smooth
• Bulgarian: грапав (grapav) — not smooth
• Bulgarian: неравен (neraven) — not smooth
• Burmese: ကြမ်း (kram:) — not smooth
• Catalan: aspre — not smooth
• Cherokee: ᎤᏐᏅ (usonv) — not smooth
• Chinese Mandarin: 粗糙 (cūcāo) — not smooth
• Czech: hrubý — not smooth
• Dutch: ruw — not smooth
• Dutch: ruig — not smooth
• Esperanto: malglata — not smooth
• Estonian: kare — not smooth
• Finnish: karhea — not smooth
• Finnish: rosoinen — not smooth
• French: rude — not smooth
• French: rugueux — not smooth
• French: brut — not smooth
• West-Frisian: rûch — not smooth
• Galician: áspero — not smooth
• Galician: esgrevio — not smooth
• German: rau — not smooth
• German: grob — not smooth
• Ancient Greek: τραχύς (trakhús) — not smooth
• Hungarian: durva — not smooth
• Hungarian: érdes — not smooth
• Hungarian: egyenetlen — not smooth
• Ido: aspera — not smooth
• Indonesian: kasar — not smooth
• Ingrian: karhia — not smooth
• Ingrian: karskia — not smooth
• Irish: garbh — not smooth
• Italian: ruvido — not smooth
• Italian: rugoso — not smooth
• Italian: scabro — not smooth
• Japanese: 凸凹な (dekoboko na) — not smooth
• Japanese: 粗い (arai) — not smooth
• Korean: 거칠다 (geochilda) — not smooth
• Central Kurdish: زوور (zûr) — not smooth
• Northern Kurdish: zivir — not smooth
• Latin: asper — not smooth
• Latvian: raupjš — not smooth
• Latvian: rupjš — not smooth
• Latvian: ass — not smooth
• Latvian: negluds — not smooth
• Lithuanian: šiurkštus — not smooth
• Macedonian: груб (grub) — not smooth
• Māori: tuarangaranga — not smooth
• Māori: kaitara — not smooth
• Māori: whakanokenoke — not smooth
• Māori: mātoretore — not smooth
• Māori: mātoetoe — not smooth
• Māori: torehapehape — not smooth
• Marathi: खरबरीत (kharabrīt) — not smooth
• Navajo: dichʼíízh — not smooth
• Norman: rude — not smooth
• Occitan: aspre — not smooth
• Persian: زبر (zebr) — not smooth
• Persian: زمخت (zomoxt) — not smooth
• Persian: خشن (xašen) — not smooth
• Plautdietsch: ruch — not smooth
• Plautdietsch: schroff — not smooth
• Polish: szorstki — not smooth
• Polish: zgrubny — not smooth
• Polish: chropowaty — not smooth
• Portuguese: áspero — not smooth
• Quechua: taku — not smooth
• Quechua: qhachqa — not smooth
• Romanian: dur — not smooth
• Romanian: aspru — not smooth
• Russian: гру́бый (grúbyj) — not smooth
• Russian: шерохова́тый (šeroxovátyj) — not smooth
• Russian: жёсткий (žóstkij) — not smooth
• Scots: roch — not smooth
• Scottish Gaelic: garbh — not smooth
• Serbo-Croatian: груб — not smooth
• Serbo-Croatian: grub — not smooth
• Slovak: hrubý — not smooth
• Slovene: grob — not smooth
• Spanish: áspero — not smooth
• Spanish: rugoso — not smooth
• Spanish: cerdoso — not smooth
• Sundanese: keusrak — not smooth
• Swedish: ojämn — not smooth
• Telugu: గరుకు (garuku) — not smooth
• Tocharian B: aśāwe — not smooth
• Tocharian B: śāwe — not smooth
• Turkish: kaba — not smooth
• Turkish: pürtüklü — not smooth
• Ukrainian: гру́бий (hrúbyj) — not smooth
• Ukrainian: шорстки́й (šorstkýj) — not smooth
• Walloon: graevleus — not smooth
• Walloon: rexhe — not smooth
• Zazaki: xısn — not smooth
• Bulgarian: приблизителен (priblizitelen) — approximate
• Catalan: aproximat — approximate
• Catalan: quasi — approximate
• Chinese Mandarin: 粗略 (cūlüè) — approximate
• Czech: hrubý — approximate
• Estonian: ligilähedane — approximate
• Finnish: karkea — approximate
• Finnish: alustava — approximate
• French: approximatif — approximate
• French: grossier — approximate
• French: brouillon — approximate
• Galician: esmo — approximate
• Galician: acaroado — approximate
• Galician: aproximado — approximate
• Galician: aproximada — approximate
• Georgian: დაახლოებითი (daaxloebiti) — approximate
• Georgian: მიახლოებითი (miaxloebiti) — approximate
• German: grob — approximate
• Hungarian: hozzávetőleges — approximate
• Hungarian: nyers — approximate
• Italian: approssimato — approximate
• Portuguese: aproximado — approximate
• Russian: приблизи́тельный (priblizítelʹnyj) — approximate
• Russian: приме́рный (primérnyj) — approximate
• Russian: черново́й (černovój) — approximate
• Spanish: aproximado — approximate
• Spanish: aproximativo — approximate
• Spanish: casi — approximate
• Telugu: సుమారు (sumāru) — approximate
• Bulgarian: бурен (buren) — turbulent
• Bulgarian: развълнуван (razvǎlnuvan) — turbulent
• Catalan: turbulent — turbulent
• Czech: bouřlivý — turbulent
• Finnish: aallokkoinen — turbulent
• Finnish: kuoppainen — turbulent
• French: turbulent — turbulent
• French: agité — turbulent
• Galician: barullento — turbulent
• Galician: torboento — turbulent
• Hungarian: zord — turbulent
• Hungarian: kemény — turbulent
• Irish: garbh — turbulent
• Italian: mosso — turbulent
• Latin: turbulentus — turbulent
• Māori: tuarangaranga — turbulent
• Māori: whenewhene — turbulent
• Māori: kōrawarawa — turbulent
• Māori: ngarungaru — turbulent
• Māori: pohepohe — turbulent
• Māori: tuke — turbulent
• Norwegian Bokmål: urolig — turbulent
• Portuguese: turbulento — turbulent
• Russian: бу́рный (búrnyj) — turbulent
• Spanish: turbulento — turbulent
• Bulgarian: труден (truden) — difficult
• Bulgarian: неприятен (neprijaten) — difficult
• Catalan: difícil — difficult
• Czech: nepříjemný — difficult
• Finnish: kova — difficult
• French: difficile — difficult
• French: dur — difficult
• French: rude — difficult
• Galician: galludo — difficult
• Galician: enfesto — difficult
• Galician: carizolo — difficult
• Galician: desdoado — difficult
• Galician: caroso — difficult
• Galician: arrevesado — difficult
• Hungarian: kemény — difficult
• Hungarian: nehéz — difficult
• Italian: difficile — difficult
• Latin: difficilis — difficult
• Portuguese: duro — difficult
• Portuguese: difícil — difficult
• Russian: суро́вый (suróvyj) — difficult
• Russian: тру́дный (trúdnyj) — difficult
• Russian: тяжёлый (tjažólyj) — difficult
• Spanish: difícil — difficult
• Telugu: కష్టమైన (kaṣṭamaina) — difficult
• Bulgarian: суров (surov) — crude, unrefined
• Bulgarian: необработен (neobraboten) — crude, unrefined
• Catalan: rude — crude, unrefined
• Catalan: tosc — crude, unrefined
• Chinese Mandarin: 粗魯 /粗鲁 (cūlǔ) — crude, unrefined
• Chinese Mandarin: 粗野 (cūyě) — crude, unrefined
• Czech: surový — crude, unrefined
• Czech: neomalený — crude, unrefined
• Finnish: karkea — crude, unrefined
• French: brut — crude, unrefined
• French: rustre — crude, unrefined
• French: grossier — crude, unrefined
• French: impoli — crude, unrefined
• Galician: áspero — crude, unrefined
• Galician: rude — crude, unrefined
• Galician: caxoto — crude, unrefined
• Galician: tarosco — crude, unrefined
• Galician: xoto — crude, unrefined
• Galician: brután — crude, unrefined
• Galician: burdallo — crude, unrefined
• Galician: zamarrón — crude, unrefined
• Galician: taleigán — crude, unrefined
• German: roh — crude, unrefined
• Hindi: अनगढ़ (angaṛh) — crude, unrefined
• Hungarian: durva — crude, unrefined
• Hungarian: faragatlan — crude, unrefined
• Hungarian: műveletlen — crude, unrefined
• Hungarian: nyers — crude, unrefined
• Indonesian: kasar — crude, unrefined
• Irish: amhchaoin — crude, unrefined
• Italian: rude — crude, unrefined
• Japanese: 粗野 (soya) — crude, unrefined
• Latin: rudis — crude, unrefined
• Latin: impolītus — crude, unrefined
• Latvian: raupjš — crude, unrefined
• Latvian: rupjš — crude, unrefined
• Māori: kōkau — crude, unrefined
• Māori: pūhungahunga — crude, unrefined
• Portuguese: grosseiro — crude, unrefined
• Portuguese: tosco — crude, unrefined
• Romanian: brut — crude, unrefined
• Russian: гру́бый (grúbyj) — crude, unrefined
• Spanish: tosco — crude, unrefined
• Spanish: rudo — crude, unrefined
• Bulgarian: груб (grub) — violent
• Catalan: complicat — violent
• Catalan: dur — violent
• Chinese Mandarin: 粗暴 (cūbào) — violent
• Finnish: kova — violent
• Finnish: karkea — violent
• Finnish: väkivaltainen — violent
• Finnish: kovakourainen — violent
• French: brutal — violent
• French: dur — violent
• French: rude — violent
• Ancient Greek: ἀπηνής (apēnḗs) — violent
• Irish: eascaoin — violent
• Latvian: raupjš — violent
• Latvian: rupjš — violent
• Romanian: brutal — violent
• Spanish: complicado — violent
• Spanish: duro — violent
• Czech: raf (vyšší tráva kolem fairwaye) — unmowed part of golf-course
• Finnish: karheikko — unmowed part of golf-course
• Finnish: raffi — unmowed part of golf-course
• German: Rough — unmowed part of golf-course
• Swedish: ruff — unmowed part of golf-course
• Bulgarian: скицирам (skiciram) — to create in approximate form
• Finnish: luonnostella — to create in approximate form
• Finnish: hahmotella — to create in approximate form
• French: ébaucher — to create in approximate form
• French: faire un brouillon — to create in approximate form
• Finnish: olla väkivaltainen — ice hockey: to perform roughing
• Finnish: kouluttaa — to break in