shoulder

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• Received-Pronunciation: /ˈʃəʊldə/
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• General-American: shōlʹdər
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• General-American: /ˈʃoʊldɚ/
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• US: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• rhymes with -əʊldə(ɹ)
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• CMU ARPABET: SH OW1 L D ER0 Digits mark lexical stress: 1 primary, 2 secondary, 0 unstressed.
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From Middle English schuldre, sholder, shulder, schulder, from Old English sċuldra, sċuldor (“shoulder”), from Proto-West Germanic *skuldru (“shoulder”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *skelduz (“shield”), see shield. Cognate with Old Frisian skuldere (“shoulder”) (West Frisian skouder (“shoulder”)), Middle Low German scholder (“shoulder”), Low German Schuller, Schulder (“shoulder”), Dutch schouder (“shoulder”), German Schulter (“shoulder”).

410 source translations are retained for this English entry.

• Albanian: sup — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Bulgarian: ра́мо (rámo) — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Bulgarian: пле́шка (pléška) — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Catalan: espatlla — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Catalan: muscle — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Ngazidja Comorian: fuzi — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Finnish: hartia — top of the torso, away from the neck
• French: épaule — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Galician: espiñela — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Hungarian: váll — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Italian: spalla — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Italian: dorso — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Italian: schiena — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Italian: groppone — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Italian: groppa — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Northern Kurdish: mil — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Latin: scapula — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Khiamniungan Naga: phǖtsòngkhēu — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Punjabi: ਮੋਢਾ (moḍhā) — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Punjabi: موڈھا (moḍhā) — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Russian: плечо́ (plečó) — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Spanish: paleta — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Spanish: paletilla — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Ugaritic: 𐎘𐎋𐎎 (ṯkm) — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Venetan: spała — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Woiwurrung: bagarru — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Yiddish: פּלייצע (pleytse) — top of the torso, away from the neck
• Acehnese: bahô — joint between arm and torso
• Afrikaans: skouer — joint between arm and torso
• Ahtna: -ghedzeʼ — joint between arm and torso
• Ainu: タクピ (takupi) — joint between arm and torso
• Aklanon: abaga — joint between arm and torso
• Albanian: sup — joint between arm and torso
• Southern Altai: ийин (iyin) — joint between arm and torso
• Amharic: ትከሻ (təkäša) — joint between arm and torso
• Chungli Ao: tapubang — joint between arm and torso
• Western Apache: biwos — joint between arm and torso
• Arabic: كَتِف (katif) — joint between arm and torso
• Arabic: كِتْف (kitf) — joint between arm and torso
• Arabic: مَنْكِب (mankib) — joint between arm and torso
• Chadian Arabic: كتف (kitif) — joint between arm and torso
• Arabic: كتف (ketf) — joint between arm and torso
• Arabic: كتف (kítef) — joint between arm and torso
• Aragonese: güembro — joint between arm and torso
• Aramaic: כתפא (kathpā, kathpo) — joint between arm and torso
• Aramaic: ܟܬܦܐ (kathpā, kathpo) — joint between arm and torso
• Archi: хъӏун (q̣un) — joint between arm and torso
• Armenian: ուս (us) — joint between arm and torso
• Aromanian: umir — joint between arm and torso
• Aromanian: numir — joint between arm and torso
• Aromanian: anumir — joint between arm and torso
• Assamese: কান্ধ (kandho) — joint between arm and torso
• Assamese: কান (kan) — joint between arm and torso
• Asturian: hombru — joint between arm and torso
• Avar: гъеж (ğež) — joint between arm and torso
• Azerbaijani: çiyin — joint between arm and torso
• West Coast Bajau: bo'o — joint between arm and torso
• Baluchi: کوپگ (kawpag) — joint between arm and torso
• Bashkir: ҡулбаш (qulbaş) — joint between arm and torso
• Bashkir: иңбаш (iñbaş) — joint between arm and torso
• Belarusian: плячо́ (pljačó) — joint between arm and torso
• Belarusian: ра́мя (rámja) — joint between arm and torso
• Bengali: কাঁধ (kãdh) — joint between arm and torso
• Bhojpuri: कंधा (kandhā) — joint between arm and torso
• Bau Bidayuh: papi — joint between arm and torso
• Bulgarian: ра́мо (rámo) — joint between arm and torso
• Burmese: ပခုံး (pa.hkum:) — joint between arm and torso
• Buryat: мүр (mür) — joint between arm and torso
• Catalan: espatlla — joint between arm and torso
• Catalan: muscle — joint between arm and torso
• Cebuano: abaga — joint between arm and torso
• Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵉⵔ (iɣir) — joint between arm and torso
• Chechen: белш (belš) — joint between arm and torso
• Chepang: कुम् — joint between arm and torso
• Chinese Cantonese: 膊頭 /膊头 (bok3 tau4) — joint between arm and torso
• Chinese: җязы (jiazɨ) — joint between arm and torso
• Chinese: җягуэзы (jiaguezɨ) — joint between arm and torso
• Eastern Min Chinese: 肩頭 /肩头 (giĕng-tàu) — joint between arm and torso
• Gan Chinese: 肩膀 — joint between arm and torso
• Hakka Chinese: 肩頭 /肩头 (kiên-thèu / kiân-thèu) — joint between arm and torso
• Chinese: 肩頭 /肩头 (zh-min-nan) — joint between arm and torso
• Chinese: 肩胛頭 /肩胛头 (zh-min-nan) — joint between arm and torso
• Jin Chinese: 肩膀 (jie1 bon2) — joint between arm and torso
• Chinese Mandarin: 肩 (jiān) — joint between arm and torso
• Chinese Mandarin: 肩膀 (jiānbǎng) — joint between arm and torso
• Wu Chinese: 肩胛 (1ci-kaq) — joint between arm and torso
• Chuvash: хулпуҫҫи (hulp̬uśśi) — joint between arm and torso
• Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩⲧ (mout) — joint between arm and torso
• Coptic: ⲙⲟϯ (moti) — joint between arm and torso
• Cornish: skoodh — joint between arm and torso
• Crimean Tatar: omuz — joint between arm and torso
• Czech: rameno — joint between arm and torso
• Danish: skulder — joint between arm and torso
• Darkinjung: gŭndang — joint between arm and torso
• Daur: muru — joint between arm and torso
• Daur: mur — joint between arm and torso
• Daur: mure — joint between arm and torso
• Dolgan: kol — joint between arm and torso
• Dusun: limbawa (Tambunan Dusun) — joint between arm and torso
• Dutch: schouder — joint between arm and torso
• Egyptian: r:mn:n-D42 (rmn) — joint between arm and torso
• Esperanto: ŝultro — joint between arm and torso
• Estonian: õlg — joint between arm and torso
• Even: мирэ (mirə) — joint between arm and torso
• Even: мӣрэ (mīrə) — joint between arm and torso
• Evenki: мӣрэ (mīrə) — joint between arm and torso
• Farefare: bɔkɔ — joint between arm and torso
• Faroese: øksl — joint between arm and torso
• Finnish: hartia — joint between arm and torso
• Finnish: hartiat — joint between arm and torso
• Finnish: harteet — joint between arm and torso
• Finnish: olka — joint between arm and torso
• Finnish: olkapää — joint between arm and torso
• French: épaule — joint between arm and torso
• Middle French: espaule — joint between arm and torso
• Middle French: espaulle — joint between arm and torso
• Old French: espalle — joint between arm and torso
• Old French: espaule — joint between arm and torso
• North Frisian: skoler — joint between arm and torso
• West-Frisian: skouder — joint between arm and torso
• Friulian: spale — joint between arm and torso
• Galician: ombro — joint between arm and torso
• Galician: ombreiro — joint between arm and torso
• Georgian: მხარი (mxari) — joint between arm and torso
• German: Schulter — joint between arm and torso
• Central Franconian: Scholder — joint between arm and torso
• Greek: ώμος (ómos) — joint between arm and torso
• Ancient Greek: ὦμος (ômos) — joint between arm and torso
• Greenlandic: tui — joint between arm and torso
• Gujarati: ખભો (khabho) — joint between arm and torso
• Gujarati: સ્કંધ (skandh) — joint between arm and torso
• Gujarati: કંધ (kandh) — joint between arm and torso
• Haitian Creole: zèpòl — joint between arm and torso
• Hausa: kafaɗa — joint between arm and torso
• Hawaiian: poʻohiwi — joint between arm and torso
• Hebrew: כָּתֵף (katéf) — joint between arm and torso
• Hidatsa: iráshba — joint between arm and torso
• Higaonon: bulad — joint between arm and torso
• Hiligaynon: abága — joint between arm and torso
• Hindi: कंधा (kandhā) — joint between arm and torso
• Hindi: शाना (śānā) — joint between arm and torso
• White Hmong: xwb pwg — joint between arm and torso
• Hungarian: váll — joint between arm and torso
• Hungarian: vállízület — joint between arm and torso
• Icelandic: öxl — joint between arm and torso
• Ido: shultro — joint between arm and torso
• Indonesian: bahu — joint between arm and torso
• Indonesian: pundak — joint between arm and torso
• Ingrian: hartia — joint between arm and torso
• Iranun: waga — joint between arm and torso
• Irish: gualainn — joint between arm and torso
• Isnag: abaxa — joint between arm and torso
• Italian: spalla — joint between arm and torso
• Japanese: 肩 (kata) — joint between arm and torso
• Javanese: bahu — joint between arm and torso
• Javanese: pundhak — joint between arm and torso
• Old Javanese: bahu — joint between arm and torso
• Old Javanese: puṇḍak — joint between arm and torso
• Jeju: 둑지 (dukji) — joint between arm and torso
• Jeju: 엇게 (eotge) — joint between arm and torso
• Jurchen: mei.re — joint between arm and torso
• Kanakanabu: ʼaniacanga — joint between arm and torso
• Kannada: ಭುಜ (bhuja) — joint between arm and torso
• Kapampangan: pago — joint between arm and torso
• Karachay-Balkar: омуз (omuz) — joint between arm and torso
• Kashubian: remją — joint between arm and torso
• Kazakh: иық (iyq) — joint between arm and torso
• Khmer: ស្មា (smaa) — joint between arm and torso
• Korean: 어깨 (eokkae) — joint between arm and torso
• Central Kurdish: شان (şan) — joint between arm and torso
• Kyrgyz: ийин (iyin) — joint between arm and torso
• Lao: ບ່າ (bā) — joint between arm and torso
• Latin: umerus — joint between arm and torso
• Latin: humerus — joint between arm and torso
• Latvian: plecs — joint between arm and torso
• Latvian: kamiesis — joint between arm and torso
• Laz: მხუჯი (mxuci) — joint between arm and torso
• Lezgi: къуьн (q̄ün) — joint between arm and torso
• Limburgish: sjouwer — joint between arm and torso
• Limburgish: assel — joint between arm and torso
• Lingala: lipeka — joint between arm and torso
• Lingala: libeke — joint between arm and torso
• Linngithigh: thol — joint between arm and torso
• Lithuanian: petys — joint between arm and torso
• Livonian: ab — joint between arm and torso
• Lombard: spalla — joint between arm and torso
• Lotud: lihawo — joint between arm and torso
• Lotud: balayan — joint between arm and torso
• Low German: Schuller — joint between arm and torso
• Lushootseed: sʔilalubid — joint between arm and torso
• Lutuv: letung — joint between arm and torso
• Macedonian: рамо (ramo) — joint between arm and torso
• Macedonian: плешка (pleška) — joint between arm and torso
• Malagasy: soroka — joint between arm and torso
• Malay: bahu — joint between arm and torso
• Malay: pundak — joint between arm and torso
• Malayalam: തോള് (tōḷŭ) — joint between arm and torso
• Manchu: ᠮᡝᡳᡵᡝᠨ (meiren) — joint between arm and torso
• Mandinka: daboo — joint between arm and torso
• Mansaka: abaga — joint between arm and torso
• Maranao: waga — joint between arm and torso
• Marathi: खांदा (khāndā) — joint between arm and torso
• Maricopa: miivii — joint between arm and torso
• Megleno-Romanian: numir — joint between arm and torso
• Central Melanau: kapei — joint between arm and torso
• Middle English: schuldre — joint between arm and torso
• Middle English: spawde — joint between arm and torso
• Mingrelian: ხუჯი (xuǯi) — joint between arm and torso
• Miyako: カタムス (katamusu) — joint between arm and torso
• Mongolian: мөр (mör) — joint between arm and torso
• Moore: bãoko — joint between arm and torso
• Tagal Murut: limbawo — joint between arm and torso
• Timugon Murut: limbawo — joint between arm and torso
• Mwani: weya — joint between arm and torso
• Classical Nahuatl: ahcolli — joint between arm and torso
• Nanai: мэйрэ (mejre) — joint between arm and torso
• Nanai: нгуйрэ (ŋujre) — joint between arm and torso
• Navajo: awos — joint between arm and torso
• Negidal: mĩjə — joint between arm and torso
• Nepali: काँध (kā̃dh) — joint between arm and torso
• Nivkh: ӈаӻри (ŋaġri) — joint between arm and torso
• Norman: êpaûle — joint between arm and torso
• Norman: épaoule — joint between arm and torso
• Norman: epol — joint between arm and torso
• Norwegian Bokmål: skulder — joint between arm and torso
• Norwegian Nynorsk: skulder — joint between arm and torso
• Norwegian Nynorsk: aksel — joint between arm and torso
• Occitan: espatla — joint between arm and torso
• Odia: ଖୁଆ (khuā) — joint between arm and torso
• Church Slavic: рамо (ramo) — joint between arm and torso
• Old East Slavic: плече (pleče) — joint between arm and torso
• Old East Slavic: рамꙗ (ramja) — joint between arm and torso
• Old English: sċuldra — joint between arm and torso
• Old English: eaxl — joint between arm and torso
• Old Norse: ǫxl — joint between arm and torso
• Oroch: мие — joint between arm and torso
• Orok: мујрэ — joint between arm and torso
• Oromo: gatiittii — joint between arm and torso
• Oroqen: mi꞉rə — joint between arm and torso
• Ossetian: уӕхск (wæxsk) — joint between arm and torso
• Pannonian Rusyn: плєцо (pljeco) — joint between arm and torso
• Pashto: اوږه (oẓá) — joint between arm and torso
• Pashto: ولى (wᶕlay) — joint between arm and torso
• Pennsylvania German: Schulder — joint between arm and torso
• Pennsylvania German: Achsel — joint between arm and torso
• Pennsylvania German: Axel — joint between arm and torso
• Iranian Persian: شانِه (šâne) — joint between arm and torso
• Iranian Persian: کِتْف (ketf) — joint between arm and torso
• Iranian Persian: دوش (duš) — joint between arm and torso
• Iranian Persian: کول (kul) — joint between arm and torso
• Pitjantjatjara: aḻipiṟi — joint between arm and torso
• Plautdietsch: Schulla — joint between arm and torso
• Polish: ramię — joint between arm and torso
• Polish: bark — joint between arm and torso
• Portuguese: ombro — joint between arm and torso
• Punjabi: ਮੋਢਾ (moḍhā) — joint between arm and torso
• Punjabi: ਕੰਧਾ (kandhā) — joint between arm and torso
• Punjabi: ਕੰਨ੍ਹਾ (kannhā) — joint between arm and torso
• Punjabi: موڈھا (moḍhā) — joint between arm and torso
• Punjabi: کَنْدھا (kandhā) — joint between arm and torso
• Rapa Nui: kēke'u — joint between arm and torso
• Rohingya: hañdá — joint between arm and torso
• Romagnol: spala — joint between arm and torso
• Romani: phiko — joint between arm and torso
• Romanian: umăr — joint between arm and torso
• Romansh: spatla — joint between arm and torso
• Romansh: spedla — joint between arm and torso
• Romansh: spadla — joint between arm and torso
• Rungus: kazab — joint between arm and torso
• Russian: плечо́ (plečó) — joint between arm and torso
• Russian: ра́мя (rámja) — joint between arm and torso
• Russian: ра́мо (rámo) — joint between arm and torso
• Sabah Bisaya: liliwa — joint between arm and torso
• Saisiyat: 'aba꞉a' — joint between arm and torso
• Inari-Sami: uálgi — joint between arm and torso
• Northern Sami: hárdu — joint between arm and torso
• Northern Sami: oalgi — joint between arm and torso
• Northern Sami: oalgegeahči — joint between arm and torso
• Skolt-Sami: a ́rddi — joint between arm and torso
• Southern Sami: åelkie — joint between arm and torso
• Sango: pâmbotï — joint between arm and torso
• Sanskrit: अंस (aṃsa) — joint between arm and torso
• Sanskrit: स्कन्ध (skandha) — joint between arm and torso
• Sanskrit: स्कन्द (skanda) — joint between arm and torso
• Sardinian: codhu — joint between arm and torso
• Scottish Gaelic: gualann — joint between arm and torso
• Scottish Gaelic: slinnean — joint between arm and torso
• Sebop: ngo'a — joint between arm and torso
• Serbo-Croatian: ра̏ме — joint between arm and torso
• Serbo-Croatian: плѐћа — joint between arm and torso
• Serbo-Croatian: пле̏ћка — joint between arm and torso
• Serbo-Croatian: rȁme — joint between arm and torso
• Serbo-Croatian: plèća — joint between arm and torso
• Serbo-Croatian: plȅćka — joint between arm and torso
• Sherpa: དཔུང་པ (dpung pa) — joint between arm and torso
• Sicilian: spadda — joint between arm and torso
• Sinhalese: උරහිස (urahisa) — joint between arm and torso
• Sinhalese: කර (kara) — joint between arm and torso
• Slovak: plece — joint between arm and torso
• Slovak: rameno — joint between arm and torso
• Slovene: ráma — joint between arm and torso
• Lower Sorbian: ramje — joint between arm and torso
• Upper Sorbian: ramjo — joint between arm and torso
• Spanish: hombro — joint between arm and torso
• Svan: ბარჯ (barǯ) — joint between arm and torso
• Swahili: bega — joint between arm and torso
• Swedish: axel — joint between arm and torso
• Swedish: skuldra — joint between arm and torso
• Tabasaran: гъюн (ġjun) — joint between arm and torso
• Tagalog: balikat — joint between arm and torso
• Tajik: шона (šona) — joint between arm and torso
• Tajik: кифт (kift) — joint between arm and torso
• Tajik: китф (kitf) — joint between arm and torso
• Tajik: дӯш (düš) — joint between arm and torso
• Tamil: புயம் (puyam) — joint between arm and torso
• Tamil: தோள் (tōḷ) — joint between arm and torso
• Taos: ę́nemą — joint between arm and torso
• Tarifit: taɣruṭṭ — joint between arm and torso
• Tatar: кулбаш (qulbaş) — joint between arm and torso
• Tausug: abaga — joint between arm and torso
• Telugu: భుజం (bhujaṁ) — joint between arm and torso
• Telugu: జబ్బ (jabba) — joint between arm and torso
• Tetum: kabaas — joint between arm and torso
• Thai: ไหล่ (lài) — joint between arm and torso
• Thai: บ่า (bàa) — joint between arm and torso
• Tibetan: ཕྲག་པ (phrag pa) — joint between arm and torso
• Tibetan: དཔུང་པ (dpung pa) — joint between arm and torso
• Tocharian B: āntse — joint between arm and torso
• Turkish: omuz — joint between arm and torso
• Turkish: çiğin — joint between arm and torso
• Ottoman Turkish: اوموز (omuz) — joint between arm and torso
• Turkmen: çiğin — joint between arm and torso
• Turkmen: eğin — joint between arm and torso
• Turkmen: gerden — joint between arm and torso
• Turkmen: kibit — joint between arm and torso
• Udi: аъм (a̱m) — joint between arm and torso
• Ugaritic: 𐎘𐎋𐎎 (ṯkm) — joint between arm and torso
• Ukrainian: плече́ (plečé) — joint between arm and torso
• Ukrainian: ра́м'я (rámʺja) — joint between arm and torso
• Ukrainian: раме́но (raméno) — joint between arm and torso
• Ulch: ŋujrə — joint between arm and torso
• Urdu: کَنْدھا (kandhā) — joint between arm and torso
• Urdu: شانَہ (śāna) — joint between arm and torso
• Uyghur: دولا (dola) — joint between arm and torso
• Uyghur: مۈرە (müre) — joint between arm and torso
• Uzbek: egin — joint between arm and torso
• Uzbek: kift — joint between arm and torso
• Venetan: spała — joint between arm and torso
• Vietnamese: vai — joint between arm and torso
• Vilamovian: aochsuł — joint between arm and torso
• Volapük: jot — joint between arm and torso
• Walloon: spale — joint between arm and torso
• Welsh: ysgwydd — joint between arm and torso
• Welsh: palfais — joint between arm and torso
• Winnebago: hįįnec — joint between arm and torso
• Wolof: mbagg — joint between arm and torso
• Yakut: сарын (sarïn) — joint between arm and torso
• Yiddish: אַקסל (aksl) — joint between arm and torso
• Yiddish: פּלייצע (pleytse) — joint between arm and torso
• Yoruba: èjìká — joint between arm and torso
• Zhuang: mbaq — joint between arm and torso
• Bulgarian: пле́шка (pléška) — cut of meat
• French: épaule — cut of meat
• Macedonian: плешка (pleška) — cut of meat
• Middle English: schuldre — cut of meat
• Middle English: spawde — cut of meat
• Portuguese: pá — cut of meat
• Russian: лопа́тка (lopátka) — cut of meat
• Venetan: spała — cut of meat
• Welsh: ysbawd — cut of meat
• French: épaule — lateral protrustion of a hill or mountain
• Italian: dorso — lateral protrustion of a hill or mountain
• Russian: усту́п (ustúp) — lateral protrustion of a hill or mountain
• Venetan: gropa — lateral protrustion of a hill or mountain
• Bulgarian: издатина (izdatina) — abrupt projection which forms an abutment on an object
• Bulgarian: фланец (flanec) — abrupt projection which forms an abutment on an object
• French: épaulement — abrupt projection which forms an abutment on an object
• French: epaule — rounded portion of a bottle
• Venetan: spała — rounded portion of a bottle
• Finnish: työntää olkapäällään — push (a person or thing) using one's shoulder
• Hiligaynon: abága — push (a person or thing) using one's shoulder
• Hungarian: tolakszik — push (a person or thing) using one's shoulder
• Hungarian: furakodik — push (a person or thing) using one's shoulder
• Hungarian: könyököl — push (a person or thing) using one's shoulder
• Portuguese: dar uma ombrada — push (a person or thing) using one's shoulder
• Ottoman Turkish: اوموزلمق (omuzlamak) — push (a person or thing) using one's shoulder
• Bulgarian: нарамвам (naramvam) — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Choctaw: abanali — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Esperanto: surŝultrigi — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Finnish: ottaa harteilleen — put (something) on one's shoulders
• German: schultern — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Hiligaynon: abága — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Icelandic: axla — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Korean: 메다 (meda) — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Latin: succollō — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Māori: tākawe — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Māori: amo — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Pohnpeian: kepeik — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Portuguese: carregar nas costas — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Quechua: q'ipiy — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Tày: béc — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Thai: แบก (bɛ̀ɛk) — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Ottoman Turkish: اوموزلمق (omuzlamak) — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Vietnamese: vác — put (something) on one's shoulders
• Bulgarian: нагърбвам се (nagǎrbvam se) — accept responsibility for
• Finnish: ottaa niskoilleen — accept responsibility for
• Hiligaynon: abága — accept responsibility for
• Hungarian: vállal — accept responsibility for
• Hungarian: elvállal — accept responsibility for
• Portuguese: arcar — accept responsibility for