soil

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• /sɔɪl/
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From Middle English soile, soyle, sule (“ground, earth”), partly from Anglo-Norman soyl (“bottom, ground, pavement”), from Latin solium (“seat, chair; throne”), mistaken for Latin solum (“ground, foundation, earth, sole of the foot”); and partly from Old English sol (“mud, mire, wet sand”), from Proto-Germanic *sulą (“mud, spot”), from Proto-Indo-European *sūl- (“thick liquid”). Cognate with Middle Low German söle (“dirt, mud”), Middle Dutch sol (“dirt, filth”), Middle High German sol, söl (“dirt, mud, mire”), Danish søle (“mud, muck”). Compare French seuil (“level; threshold”) and sol (“soil, earth; ground”). See also sole, soal, solum. For the sole and soil relation, compare typologically Russian по́чва (póčva) akin to подо́шва (podóšva).

From Middle English soilen, soulen, suylen (“to sully, make dirty”), partly from Old French soillier, souillier (“to soil, make dirty, wallow in mire”), from Old Frankish *saulijan, *sulwijan (“to make dirty, soil”); partly from Old English solian, sylian (“to soil, make dirty”), from Proto-Germanic *sulwōną, *sulwijaną, *saulijaną (“to soil, make dirty”), from Proto-Indo-European *sūl- (“thick liquid”). Cognate with Old Frisian sulia (“to soil, mire”), Middle Dutch soluwen, seulewen (“to soil, besmirch”), Old High German solōn, bisulen (“to make dirty”), German suhlen (“to soil, make dirty”), Danish søle (“to make dirty, defile”), Swedish söla (“to soil, make dirty”), Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bisauljan, “to bemire”). Compare sully.

From Middle English soyl, from Old French soil, souil (“quagmire, marsh”), from Frankish *sōlja, *saulja (“mire, miry place, wallow”), from Proto-Germanic *saulijō (“mud, puddle, feces”), from Proto-Indo-European *sūl- (“thick liquid”). Cognate with Old English syle, sylu, sylen (“miry place, wallow”), Old High German sol, gisol (“miry place”), German Suhle (“a wallow, mud pit, muddy pool”).

From Old French saoler, saouler (“to satiate”).

383 source translations are retained for this English entry.

• Abkhaz: анышә (anəŝw) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Afrikaans: grond — mixture of sand and organic material
• Albanian: tokë — mixture of sand and organic material
• Albanian: dhe — mixture of sand and organic material
• Southern Altai: јер (ǰer) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Southern Altai: тобрак (tobrak) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Arabic: تُرْبَة (turba) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Arabic: أَرْض (ʔarḍ) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Aragonese: suelo — mixture of sand and organic material
• Armenian: հող (hoġ) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Assamese: মাটি (mati) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Azerbaijani: torpaq — mixture of sand and organic material
• Baluchi: ہاک (hák) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Bashkir: тупраҡ (tupraq) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Basque: lurzoru — mixture of sand and organic material
• Belarusian: зямля́ (zjamljá) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Belarusian: гле́ба (hljéba) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Belarusian: грунт (hrunt) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Bengali: মাটি (maṭi) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Bengali: ভূমি (bhumi) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Bau Bidayuh: tana' — mixture of sand and organic material
• Central Bikol: daga — mixture of sand and organic material
• Bulgarian: земя́ (zemjá) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Bulgarian: по́чва (póčva) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Burmese: မြေ (mre) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Burmese: မြေဆီလွှာ (mrehcihlwa) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Catalan: sòl — mixture of sand and organic material
• Cebuano: yuta — mixture of sand and organic material
• Chechen: латта (latta) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Cherokee: ᎦᏓ (gada) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Chinese Cantonese: 泥 (nai4) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Chinese Cantonese: 泥土 (nai4 tou2) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Chinese Cantonese: 土 (tou2) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Chinese Cantonese: 土壤 (tou2 joeng6) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Chinese Mandarin: 土壤 (tǔrǎng) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Chinese Mandarin: 泥土 (nítǔ) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Chinese Mandarin: 地 (dì) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Chuvash: тӑпра (tăpra) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Czech: půda — mixture of sand and organic material
• Czech: země — mixture of sand and organic material
• Danish: jord — mixture of sand and organic material
• Dutch: grond — mixture of sand and organic material
• Dutch: aarde — mixture of sand and organic material
• Esperanto: grundo — mixture of sand and organic material
• Estonian: muld — mixture of sand and organic material
• Finnish: multa — mixture of sand and organic material
• French: sol — mixture of sand and organic material
• French: terre — mixture of sand and organic material
• Fwe: évù — mixture of sand and organic material
• Galician: solo — mixture of sand and organic material
• Galician: terra — mixture of sand and organic material
• Georgian: ნიადაგი (niadagi) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Georgian: მიწა (mic̣a) — mixture of sand and organic material
• German: Erde — mixture of sand and organic material
• German: Grund — mixture of sand and organic material
• Greek: έδαφος (édafos) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Hebrew: אֲדָמָה (adamá) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Hebrew: עָפָר ('afár) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Higaonon: bugta — mixture of sand and organic material
• Hiligaynon: duta — mixture of sand and organic material
• Hindi: मिट्टी (miṭṭī) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Hindi: धरती (dhartī) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Hindi: ज़मीन (zamīn) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Hungarian: föld — mixture of sand and organic material
• Hungarian: talaj — mixture of sand and organic material
• Iban: tanah — mixture of sand and organic material
• Icelandic: jörð — mixture of sand and organic material
• Indonesian: tanah — mixture of sand and organic material
• Ingrian: gruntti — mixture of sand and organic material
• Ingrian: maa — mixture of sand and organic material
• Irish: cré — mixture of sand and organic material
• Irish: ithir — mixture of sand and organic material
• Italian: suolo — mixture of sand and organic material
• Italian: terra — mixture of sand and organic material
• Japanese: 土 (tsuchi) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Japanese: 土壌 (dojō) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Japanese: 地 (chi) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Javanese: lemah — mixture of sand and organic material
• Javanese: siti — mixture of sand and organic material
• Karachay-Balkar: топракъ (topraq) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Karachay-Balkar: топуракъ (topuraq) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Karachay-Balkar: джер (cer) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Kazakh: топырақ (topyraq) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Khmer: ដី (dəy) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Korean: 흙 (heuk) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Korean: 토양 (toyang) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Central Kurdish: خاک (xak) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Northern Kurdish: ax — mixture of sand and organic material
• Northern Kurdish: erd — mixture of sand and organic material
• Kyrgyz: топурак (topurak) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Lao: ດິນ (din) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Latin: humus — mixture of sand and organic material
• Latvian: augsne — mixture of sand and organic material
• Latvian: zeme — mixture of sand and organic material
• Lithuanian: dirva — mixture of sand and organic material
• Lithuanian: žemė — mixture of sand and organic material
• Lithuanian: gruntas — mixture of sand and organic material
• Low German: Grund — mixture of sand and organic material
• Low German: Eerd — mixture of sand and organic material
• Lü: ᦡᦲᧃ (ḋiin) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Macedonian: земја (zemja) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Macedonian: почва (počva) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Malay: tanah — mixture of sand and organic material
• Malayalam: മണ്ണ് (maṇṇŭ) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Maltese: ħamrija — mixture of sand and organic material
• Manchu: ᠪᠣᡳᡥᠣᠨ (boihon) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Central Melanau: tanak — mixture of sand and organic material
• Mongolian: шороо (šoroo) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Mongolian: хөрс (xörs) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Nahuatl: tlālpantli — mixture of sand and organic material
• Navajo: łeezh — mixture of sand and organic material
• Norman: tèrre — mixture of sand and organic material
• Norwegian Bokmål: jord — mixture of sand and organic material
• Norwegian Nynorsk: jord — mixture of sand and organic material
• Odia: ମାଟି (māṭi) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Church Slavic: землꙗ (zemlja) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Oromo: biyya — mixture of sand and organic material
• Oromo: biyyoo — mixture of sand and organic material
• Oromo: dachee — mixture of sand and organic material
• Oromo: lafa — mixture of sand and organic material
• Pashto: خاوره (xāwra) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Dari: خَاک (xāk) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Dari: زَمِین (zamīn) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Iranian Persian: خاک (xâk) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Iranian Persian: زَمین (zamin) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Plautdietsch: Ieed — mixture of sand and organic material
• Polish: ziemia — mixture of sand and organic material
• Polish: gleba — mixture of sand and organic material
• Polish: grunt — mixture of sand and organic material
• Portuguese: solo — mixture of sand and organic material
• Quechua: allpa — mixture of sand and organic material
• Romanian: sol — mixture of sand and organic material
• Russian: земля́ (zemljá) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Russian: по́чва (póčva) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Russian: грунт (grunt) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Scottish Gaelic: talamh — mixture of sand and organic material
• Scottish Gaelic: ùir — mixture of sand and organic material
• Sebop: tana' — mixture of sand and organic material
• Serbo-Croatian: зѐмља — mixture of sand and organic material
• Serbo-Croatian: zèmlja — mixture of sand and organic material
• Shan: လိၼ် (lǐn) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Sherpa: ས (sa) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Slovak: pôda — mixture of sand and organic material
• Slovak: zem — mixture of sand and organic material
• Slovene: zemlja — mixture of sand and organic material
• Slovene: prst — mixture of sand and organic material
• Spanish: suelo — mixture of sand and organic material
• Spanish: tierra — mixture of sand and organic material
• Spanish: mantillo — mixture of sand and organic material
• Spanish: humus — mixture of sand and organic material
• Swahili: mchanga — mixture of sand and organic material
• Swedish: jord — mixture of sand and organic material
• Sylheti: ꠝꠣꠐꠤ (maṭi) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Tabasaran: руг (rug) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Tagalog: lupa — mixture of sand and organic material
• Tagalog: sulip — mixture of sand and organic material
• Tajik: хок (xok) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Tajik: гил (gil) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Tajik: замин (zamin) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Tamil: மண் (maṇ) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Taos: ną̀méne — mixture of sand and organic material
• Tarifit: šar — mixture of sand and organic material
• Tatar: туфрак (tufraq) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Tewa: nan — mixture of sand and organic material
• Thai: ดิน (din) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Tibetan: ས (sa) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Tocharian B: keṃ — mixture of sand and organic material
• Turkish: toprak — mixture of sand and organic material
• Ottoman Turkish: طوپراق (toprak) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Ottoman Turkish: ارض (arz) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Ottoman Turkish: تراب (türâb) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Turkmen: toprak — mixture of sand and organic material
• Ukrainian: земля́ (zemljá) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Ukrainian: ґрунт (grunt) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Urdu: مِٹِّی (miṭṭī) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Urdu: دَھرْتی (dhartī) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Urdu: زَمِین (zamīn) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Uyghur: تۇپراق (tupraq) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Uzbek: tuproq — mixture of sand and organic material
• Vietnamese: đất — mixture of sand and organic material
• Welsh: gweryd — mixture of sand and organic material
• Yámana: tan — mixture of sand and organic material
• Yiddish: ערד (erd) — mixture of sand and organic material
• Zhuang: doem — mixture of sand and organic material
• Zhuang: namh — mixture of sand and organic material
• Armenian: հող (hoġ) — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Atayal: uraw — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Bashkir: тупраҡ (tupraq) — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Bulgarian: по́чва (póčva) — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Catalan: sòl — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Cherokee: ᎦᏓ (gada) — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Czech: půda — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Danish: jord — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Danish: muldjord — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Dutch: aarde — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Dutch: grond — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Finnish: maa — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Finnish: maannos — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• French: terre — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• French: sol — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Galician: solo — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Galician: terra — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Georgian: ნიადაგი (niadagi) — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• German: Boden — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Hungarian: táptalaj — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Icelandic: jarðvegur — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Irish: cré — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Irish: ithir — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Italian: terreno — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Khmer: ដី (dəy) — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Latin: humus — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Macedonian: почва (počva) — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Navajo: łeezh — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Norman: tèrre — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Norwegian Bokmål: jordsmonn — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Plautdietsch: Ieed — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Polish: ziemia — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Portuguese: solo — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Portuguese: terra — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Romanian: teren — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Romanian: sol — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Russian: по́чва (póčva) — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Scottish Gaelic: talamh — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Scottish Gaelic: ùir — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Spanish: suelo — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Spanish: tierra — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Spanish: mantillo — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Spanish: humus — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Swedish: jord — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Tagalog: lupa — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Tamil: மண் (maṇ) — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Taos: ną̀méne — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Turkish: toprak — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Ottoman Turkish: طوپراق (toprak) — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Ottoman Turkish: ارض (arz) — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Ottoman Turkish: تراب (türâb) — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Ukrainian: ґрунт (grunt) — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Welsh: pridd — mineral or organic material serving as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
• Armenian: հող (hoġ) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Bashkir: тупраҡ (tupraq) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Bulgarian: пръст (prǎst) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Catalan: sòl — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Danish: jord — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Dutch: aarde — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Dutch: grond — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Finnish: maannos — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• French: terre — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• French: sol — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Fula: leydi — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Georgian: ნიადაგი (niadagi) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• German: Grund — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Icelandic: jarðvegur — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Irish: cré — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Irish: ithir — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Macedonian: почва (počva) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Malay: تانيه (tanih) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Eastern Mari: аварок (avarok) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Navajo: łeezh — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Norman: tèrre — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Polish: gleba — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Polish: grunt — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Portuguese: solo — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Russian: по́чва (póčva) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Russian: грунт (grunt) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Scottish Gaelic: talamh — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Scottish Gaelic: ùir — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Swedish: jord — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Tagalog: lupa — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Tamil: மண் (maṇ) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Taos: ną̀méne — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Turkish: toprak — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Ottoman Turkish: طوپراق (toprak) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Ottoman Turkish: ارض (arz) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Ottoman Turkish: تراب (türâb) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Ukrainian: ґрунт (grunt) — unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth
• Armenian: հող (hoġ) — country or territory
• Bashkir: ер (yer) — country or territory
• Bashkir: тупраҡ (tupraq) — country or territory
• Belarusian: зямля́ (zjamljá) — country or territory
• Bulgarian: земя́ (zemjá) — country or territory
• Catalan: sòl — country or territory
• Danish: grund — country or territory
• Dutch: grond — country or territory
• Finnish: maaperä — country or territory
• French: terre — country or territory
• French: territoire — country or territory
• Fula: leydi — country or territory
• German: Grund und Boden — country or territory
• German: Territorium — country or territory
• German: Land — country or territory
• Greek: έδαφος (édafos) — country or territory
• Irish: talamh — country or territory
• Macedonian: земја (zemja) — country or territory
• Norman: tèrre — country or territory
• Iranian Persian: خاک (xâk) — country or territory
• Polish: ziemia — country or territory
• Portuguese: solo — country or territory
• Quechua: allpa — country or territory
• Russian: земля́ (zemljá) — country or territory
• Spanish: tierra — country or territory
• Spanish: suelo — country or territory
• Swedish: jord — country or territory
• Swedish: mark — country or territory
• Tamil: மண் (maṇ) — country or territory
• Tamil: நிலம் (nilam) — country or territory
• Tarifit: tamurt — country or territory
• Turkish: toprak — country or territory
• Ottoman Turkish: طوپراق (toprak) — country or territory
• Ottoman Turkish: ارض (arz) — country or territory
• Ottoman Turkish: تراب (türâb) — country or territory
• Ukrainian: земля́ (zemljá) — country or territory
• Welsh: tir — country or territory
• Bulgarian: изпражнения (izpražnenija) — faeces or urine etc.
• Bulgarian: мръсотия (mrǎsotija) — faeces or urine etc.
• Finnish: lika — faeces or urine etc.
• Finnish: sonta — faeces or urine etc.
• Finnish: skeida — faeces or urine etc.
• French: souillure — faeces or urine etc.
• German: Exkremente — faeces or urine etc.
• Malayalam: മലമൂത്രം (malamūtraṁ) — faeces or urine etc.
• Tagalog: dumi — faeces or urine etc.
• Tamil: கறை (kaṟai) — faeces or urine etc.
• German: Fäkalienbeutel — bag containing soiled items
• German: Fäkalienbeutel — bag containing soiled items
• German: Kotbeutel — bag containing soiled items
• Arabic: اِتَّسَخَ (ittasaḵa) — to make dirty
• Armenian: կեղտոտել (keġtotel) — to make dirty
• Armenian: աղտոտել (aġtotel) — to make dirty
• Bulgarian: оцапвам (ocapvam) — to make dirty
• Chinese Mandarin: 弄髒 /弄脏 (nòngzāng) — to make dirty
• Danish: tilsøle — to make dirty
• Danish: svine til — to make dirty
• Danish: besudle — to make dirty
• Dutch: bevuilen — to make dirty
• Finnish: liata — to make dirty
• Finnish: tahria — to make dirty
• French: salir — to make dirty
• French: souiller — to make dirty
• Galician: luxar — to make dirty
• German: verschmutzen — to make dirty
• German: beschmutzen — to make dirty
• German: besudeln — to make dirty
• Hebrew: לכלך (likhlékh) — to make dirty
• Hungarian: bepiszkol — to make dirty
• Irish: salaigh — to make dirty
• Italian: sporcare — to make dirty
• Japanese: 汚す (yogosu) — to make dirty
• Korean: 더럽히다 (deoreophida) — to make dirty
• Kyrgyz: булгоо (bulgoo) — to make dirty
• Latin: spurco — to make dirty
• Latin: foedō — to make dirty
• Latin: polluo — to make dirty
• Macedonian: валка (valka) — to make dirty
• Persian: خاکی کردن (xâki kardan) — to make dirty
• Polish: brudzić — to make dirty
• Portuguese: sujar — to make dirty
• Romanian: spurca — to make dirty
• Russian: па́чкать (páčkatʹ) — to make dirty
• Russian: испа́чкать (ispáčkatʹ) — to make dirty
• Russian: запа́чкать (zapáčkatʹ) — to make dirty
• Russian: вы́пачкать (výpačkatʹ) — to make dirty
• Russian: мара́ть (marátʹ) — to make dirty
• Russian: замара́ть (zamarátʹ) — to make dirty
• Swedish: skita ner — to make dirty
• Swedish: smutsa ner — to make dirty
• Tamil: அழுக்காக்கு (aḻukkākku) — to make dirty
• Ottoman Turkish: كیرلمك (kirlemek) — to make dirty
• Ottoman Turkish: پیسلمك (pislemek) — to make dirty
• Ottoman Turkish: مردارلامق (murdarlamak) — to make dirty
• Ottoman Turkish: بوقلامق (boklamak) — to make dirty
• Ukrainian: брудни́ти (brudnýty) — to make dirty
• Ukrainian: забру́днювати (zabrúdnjuvaty) — to make dirty
• Ukrainian: мара́ти (maráty) — to make dirty
• Yiddish: אָנפּאַטשקען (onpatshken) — to make dirty
• Yiddish: פּאַטשקען (patshken) — to make dirty
• Finnish: pistää paskaksi — to make invalid, to ruin
• German: ungültig machen — to make invalid, to ruin
• German: ruinieren — to make invalid, to ruin
• Persian: خاکی کردن (xâki kardan) — to make invalid, to ruin
• Portuguese: arruinar — to make invalid, to ruin
• Portuguese: estragar — to make invalid, to ruin
• Ukrainian: руйнувати (rujnuvaty) — to make invalid, to ruin
• Ukrainian: псувати (psuvaty) — to make invalid, to ruin