summer

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• Received-Pronunciation: /ˈsʌmə/
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• Received-Pronunciation: [ˈsʌmə]
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• General-American: /ˈsʌmɚ/
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• General-American: [ˈsʌmɚ] ~ [ˈsʌmɹ̩]
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• US: Recorded audio is listed in the source snapshot.
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• rhymes with -ʌmə(ɹ)
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• CMU ARPABET: S AH1 M ER0 Digits mark lexical stress: 1 primary, 2 secondary, 0 unstressed.
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Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *sem- Proto-Indo-European *s(e)m-eh2- Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h2-ór-o-der. Proto-Germanic *sumaraz Proto-West Germanic *sumar Old English sumor Middle English somer English summer From Middle English somer, sumer, from Old English sumor m, from Proto-West Germanic *sumar m, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz m, derived from Proto-Indo-European *semh2- (“summer”). Cognates Cognate with Scots somer, sumer, simer, West Frisian simmer, Saterland Frisian Suumer, Dutch zomer, Low German Sommer, German Sommer, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål sommer, Swedish sommar, Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic sumar; Welsh haf, Armenian ամ (am, “year”), ամառ (amaṙ, “summer”), Sanskrit समा (sámā, “a half-year, season, weather, year”), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨 (ham-), Middle Persian ḥʾmyn (hāmīn), Northern Kurdish havîn, Central Kurdish ھاوین (hawîn).

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *sem- Proto-Indo-European *s(e)m-eh2- Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h2-ór-o-der. Proto-Germanic *sumaraz Proto-West Germanic *sumar Old English sumor Middle English somer English summer From Middle English somer, from Anglo-Norman summer, sumer, from Vulgar Latin saumārius, for Late Latin sagmārius, from Latin sagma (“sum”). Compare sumpter.

Etymology tree English sum Proto-Indo-European *-yósder. Proto-Italic *-āzios Latin -āriusnom. Latin -āriusbor. Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz Proto-West Germanic *-ārī Old English -ere Middle English -ere English -er English summer From sum + -er.

371 source translations are retained for this English entry.

• Abkhaz: аԥхын (apxən) — hottest season
• Abkhaz: аҧхын (apxən) — hottest season
• Afar: cagay — hottest season
• Afrikaans: somer — hottest season
• Albanian: verë — hottest season
• Southern Altai: јай (ǰay) — hottest season
• Alutor: алаал (alaal) — hottest season
• Alviri-Vidari: توستان (tovestān) — hottest season
• Amharic: በጋ (bäga) — hottest season
• Arabic: صَيْف (ṣayf) — hottest season
• Arabic: صيف (ṣef) — hottest season
• Arabic: صيف (ṣēf) — hottest season
• Aragonese: estiu — hottest season
• Aragonese: verano — hottest season
• Aramaic: קיטא — hottest season
• Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܩܲܝܛܵܐ (qayṭa) — hottest season
• Aramaic: ܩܝܛܐ — hottest season
• Armenian: ամառ (amaṙ) — hottest season
• Old Armenian: ամառն (amaṙn) — hottest season
• Aromanian: vearã — hottest season
• Eastern Arrernte: uterne — hottest season
• Assamese: গ্ৰীষ্মকাল (grismokal) — hottest season
• Assamese: গ্ৰীষ্ম (grismo) — hottest season
• Assamese: গৰমদিন (gormodin) — hottest season
• Asturian: veranu — hottest season
• Asturian: branu — hottest season
• Asturian: verañu — hottest season
• Asturian: estivu — hottest season
• Atayal: 'bagan — hottest season
• Avar: рии (rii) — hottest season
• Azerbaijani: yay — hottest season
• Balinese: musim kebus — hottest season
• Bashkir: йәй (yəy) — hottest season
• Basque: uda — hottest season
• Belarusian: ле́та (ljéta) — hottest season
• Bengali: গ্রীষ্ম (griśśõ) — hottest season
• Central Bikol: tag-init — hottest season
• Breton: hañv — hottest season
• Bulgarian: ля́то (ljáto) — hottest season
• Burmese: နွေရာသီ (nwerasi) — hottest season
• Burmese: ဂိမှာန် (gi.hman) — hottest season
• Burmese: ဂိမှာန (gi.hmana.) — hottest season
• Buryat: зун (zun) — hottest season
• Buryat: нажар (nažar) — hottest season
• Carpathian Rusyn: лї́то (ljíto) — hottest season
• Catalan: estiu — hottest season
• Cebuano: ting-init — hottest season
• Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ (anbdu) — hottest season
• Chechen: аьхке (äxke) — hottest season
• Cherokee: ᎪᎩ (gogi) — hottest season
• Cherokee: ᎪᎨᏱ (gogeyi) — hottest season
• Chinese Cantonese: 夏天 (haa6 tin1) — hottest season
• Chinese Cantonese: 夏季 (haa6 gwai3) — hottest season
• Chinese Cantonese: 熱天 /热天 (jit6 tin1) — hottest season
• Chinese: щятян (xiatian) — hottest season
• Eastern Min Chinese: 熱天 /热天 (iĕk-tiĕng) — hottest season
• Hakka Chinese: 熱天 /热天 (ngie̍t-thiên / ngia̍t-thiên) — hottest season
• Chinese: 熱天 /热天 (joa̍h-thin) — hottest season
• Chinese: 熱儂 /热侬 (joa̍h--lâng) — hottest season
• Chinese Mandarin: 夏季 (xiàjì) — hottest season
• Chinese Mandarin: 夏天 (xiàtiān) — hottest season
• Wu Chinese: 夏天 — hottest season
• Wu Chinese: 熱天 /热天 — hottest season
• Xiang Chinese: 夏天 (xia5 tienn1) — hottest season
• Chukchi: элен — hottest season
• Chuvash: ҫулла (śulla) — hottest season
• East Circassian: гъэмахуэ (ğɛmaxwɛ) — hottest season
• West Circassian: гъэмафэ (ğɛmafɛ) — hottest season
• Cornish: hav — hottest season
• Corsican: estate — hottest season
• Montagnais: nipin — hottest season
• Crimean Tatar: yaz — hottest season
• Czech: léto — hottest season
• Dalmatian: instuat — hottest season
• Danish: sommer — hottest season
• Dhivehi: ހޫނު މޫސުން (hūnu mūsun̊) — hottest season
• Dutch: zomer — hottest season
• Dzongkha: བྱཱ (byā) — hottest season
• Dzongkha: གནམ་བྱཱ (gnam byā) — hottest season
• Egyptian: S:N35B-hrw (šmw) — hottest season
• Erzya: кизэ (kizë) — hottest season
• Esperanto: somero — hottest season
• Estonian: suvi — hottest season
• Even: дьугани (ʒugaņi) — hottest season
• Evenki: дюгани (ʒugaņi) — hottest season
• Faroese: summar — hottest season
• Finnish: kesä — hottest season
• Finnish: suvi — hottest season
• French: été — hottest season
• Old French: esté — hottest season
• West-Frisian: simmer — hottest season
• Friulian: istât — hottest season
• Galician: verán — hottest season
• Galician: estío — hottest season
• Georgian: ზაფხული (zapxuli) — hottest season
• German: Sommer — hottest season
• German: Sommerzeit — hottest season
• Old High German: sumar — hottest season
• Greek: καλοκαίρι (kalokaíri) — hottest season
• Ancient Greek: θέρος (théros) — hottest season
• Greenlandic: aasaq — hottest season
• Greenlandic: aussaĸ — hottest season
• Paraguayan Guarani: arahaku — hottest season
• Gujarati: ઉનાળો (unāḷo) — hottest season
• Gujarati: ગ્રીષ્મ (grīṣma) — hottest season
• Gujarati: નિદાઘ (nidāgh) — hottest season
• Gurani: hamîn — hottest season
• Gurani: tawsan — hottest season
• Gwich'in: shin — hottest season
• Hausa: agazari — hottest season
• Hebrew: קַיִץ (káyits) — hottest season
• Hiligaynon: tingadlaw — hottest season
• Hindi: ग्रीष्म (grīṣma) — hottest season
• Hindi: गर्मी (garmī) — hottest season
• Hindi: गर्मियां (garmiyā̃) — hottest season
• Hungarian: nyár — hottest season
• Hunsrik: Sommer — hottest season
• Hunsrik: Summer — hottest season
• Icelandic: sumar — hottest season
• Ido: somero — hottest season
• Ilocano: kalgaw — hottest season
• Indonesian: musim panas — hottest season
• Ingrian: kesä — hottest season
• Ingrian: suvi — hottest season
• Ingush: ахка (axka) — hottest season
• Interlingua: estate — hottest season
• Inuktitut: ᐊᐅᔭ (aoya) — hottest season
• Irish: samhradh — hottest season
• Italian: estate — hottest season
• Japanese: 夏 (natsu) — hottest season
• Japanese: 夏季 (kaki) — hottest season
• Javanese: mangsa panas — hottest season
• Jeju: ᄋᆢ름 (yawreum) — hottest season
• Kalmyk: зун (zun) — hottest season
• Kannada: ಬೇಸಗೆ (bēsage) — hottest season
• Kannada: ಗ್ರೀಷ್ಮ (grīṣma) — hottest season
• Kannada: ಋತು (ṛtu) — hottest season
• Kapampangan: kaleldo — hottest season
• Kapampangan: kalaldo — hottest season
• Karachay-Balkar: джай (cay) — hottest season
• Karelian: kezä — hottest season
• Kashmiri: رؠتہٕ کول (ryathụ kōl) — hottest season
• Kashmiri: رؠتہٕ کال (ryathụ kāl) — hottest season
• Kashmiri: گرٛیٚشِم (greśim) — hottest season
• Kashubian: lãtɵ — hottest season
• Kazakh: жаз (jaz) — hottest season
• Khmer: គិម្ហន្ត (kɨmhɑn) — hottest season
• Kimaragang: monongaddau — hottest season
• Kimaragang: tiya monongaddau — hottest season
• Klamath-Modoc: padaa — hottest season
• Komi-Permyak: гожӧм (gožöm) — hottest season
• Korean: 여름 (yeoreum) — hottest season
• Korean: 하계 (hagye) — hottest season
• Central Kurdish: ھاوین (hawîn) — hottest season
• Central Kurdish: تاوستان (tawistan) — hottest season
• Laki: tawsan — hottest season
• Northern Kurdish: havîn — hottest season
• Northern Kurdish: tavistan — hottest season
• Kyrgyz: жай (jay) — hottest season
• Ladino: enverano — hottest season
• Lao: ຣະດູຮ້ອນ (ra dū hǭn) — hottest season
• Lao: ລະດູຮ້ອນ (la dū hǭn) — hottest season
• Lao: ຄິມຫະ (khim ha) — hottest season
• Latgalian: vosora — hottest season
• Latin: aestās — hottest season
• Latvian: vasara — hottest season
• Laz: monç̆inora — hottest season
• Laz: მონჭინორა (monç̌inora) — hottest season
• Lezgi: гад (gad) — hottest season
• Ligurian: stæ — hottest season
• Lithuanian: vasara — hottest season
• Livonian: sõv — hottest season
• Livonian: sõvvõ — hottest season
• Lombard: estaa — hottest season
• Louisiana Creole: èté — hottest season
• Louisiana Creole: lété — hottest season
• Low German: Sommer — hottest season
• Low German: Sömmer — hottest season
• Low German: Sommertiet — hottest season
• Low German: Sömmertiet — hottest season
• Lushootseed: pədhədəb — hottest season
• Luxembourgish: Summer — hottest season
• Macedonian: лето (leto) — hottest season
• Malagasy: fahavaratra — hottest season
• Malay: musim panas — hottest season
• Brunei Malay: musim panas — hottest season
• Malayalam: വേനൽക്കാലം (vēnalkkālaṁ) — hottest season
• Maltese: sajf — hottest season
• Manchu: ᠵᡠᠸᠠᡵᡳ (juwari) — hottest season
• Northern Mansi: тув (tuv) — hottest season
• Māori: raumati — hottest season
• Marathi: उन्हाळा (unhāḷā) — hottest season
• Eastern Mari: кеҥеж (keŋež) — hottest season
• Mauritian Creole: lete — hottest season
• Megleno-Romanian: veară — hottest season
• Middle English: somer — hottest season
• Mingrelian: ზარხული (zarxuli) — hottest season
• Mirandese: berano — hottest season
• Mòcheno: summer — hottest season
• Moksha: киза (kiza) — hottest season
• Mongolian: зун (zun) — hottest season
• Mongolian: ᠵᠤᠨ (ǰun) — hottest season
• Khiamniungan Naga: āshēu — hottest season
• Khiamniungan Naga: ōtsōu — hottest season
• Nanai: дёа (ʒoa) — hottest season
• Navajo: shį́ — hottest season
• Neapolitan: 'a staggione — hottest season
• Nepali: गमीर (gamīra) — hottest season
• Nivkh: т’олф (tʼolf) — hottest season
• Norman: êté — hottest season
• Norman: étaï — hottest season
• Norwegian Bokmål: sommer — hottest season
• Norwegian Nynorsk: sumar — hottest season
• Norwegian Nynorsk: sommar — hottest season
• Occitan: estiu — hottest season
• Odia: ଖରାଦିନ (kharādina) — hottest season
• Southern Ohlone: tsalagui — hottest season
• Ojibwe: niibin — hottest season
• Church Slavic: лѣто (lěto) — hottest season
• Old East Slavic: лѣто (lěto) — hottest season
• Old English: sumor — hottest season
• Old Norse: sumar — hottest season
• Old Prussian: dagis — hottest season
• Oromo: bona — hottest season
• Ossetian: сӕрд (særd) — hottest season
• Pangasinan: tiagew — hottest season
• Pannonian Rusyn: лєто (ljeto) — hottest season
• Pashto: اوړۍ (ōṛəy) — hottest season
• Dari: تَابِسْتَان (tābistān) — hottest season
• Iranian Persian: تابِسْتان (tâbestân) — hottest season
• Iranian Persian: تابِسْتون (tâbestun) — hottest season
• Iranian Persian: هامین (hâmin) — hottest season
• Iranian Persian: تُوْسون (towsun) — hottest season
• Piedmontese: istà — hottest season
• Plautdietsch: Somma — hottest season
• Polish: lato — hottest season
• Portuguese: verão — hottest season
• Portuguese: estio — hottest season
• Punjabi: ਗਰਮੀ (garmī) — hottest season
• Punjabi: ਹੁਨਾਲ਼ਾ (hunāḷā) — hottest season
• Quechua: ruphay killa — hottest season
• Romani: nilaj — hottest season
• Romanian: vară — hottest season
• Romansh: stad — hottest season
• Romansh: sted — hottest season
• Russian: ле́то (léto) — hottest season
• Northern Sami: geassi — hottest season
• Skolt-Sami: ǩieʹss — hottest season
• Sanskrit: ऊष्ण (ūṣṇa) — hottest season
• Sanskrit: ग्रीष्म (grīṣma) — hottest season
• Sardinian: iltiu — hottest season
• Sardinian: istiu — hottest season
• Sardinian: estiu — hottest season
• Sardinian: istade — hottest season
• Sardinian: istadi — hottest season
• Sardinian: stadi — hottest season
• Scots: simmer — hottest season
• Scottish Gaelic: samhradh — hottest season
• Serbo-Croatian: ле̏то — hottest season
• Serbo-Croatian: ље̏то — hottest season
• Serbo-Croatian: lȅto — hottest season
• Serbo-Croatian: ljȅto — hottest season
• Shor: чайғы (çayğı) — hottest season
• Sicilian: astati — hottest season
• Sindhi: اونهارو (ūnhāro) — hottest season
• Sindhi: گَرْمِي (garmī) — hottest season
• Sinhalese: ගිම්හාන ඍතුව (gimhāna r̥tuwa) — hottest season
• Slovak: leto — hottest season
• Slovene: polétje — hottest season
• Somali: xaggaa — hottest season
• Lower Sorbian: lěśe — hottest season
• Upper Sorbian: lěćo — hottest season
• Spanish: verano — hottest season
• Spanish: estío — hottest season
• Sudovian: dagas — hottest season
• Swahili: kiangazi — hottest season
• Swahili: majira ya joto — hottest season
• Swahili: kipindi cha kiangazi — hottest season
• Swedish: sommar — hottest season
• Tagalog: tag-init — hottest season
• Tagalog: tag-araw — hottest season
• Tajik: тобистон (tobiston) — hottest season
• Talysh: تاوستون (tâvəstun) — hottest season
• Tamil: கோடை காலம் (kōṭai kālam) — hottest season
• Taos: pȉléna — hottest season
• Tarifit: anebdu — hottest season
• Tatar: җәй (cäy) — hottest season
• Telugu: వేసవి (vēsavi) — hottest season
• Telugu: ఎండకాలము (eṇḍakālamu) — hottest season
• Tetum: bailoro — hottest season
• Thai: ฤดูร้อน (rʉ́-duu-rɔ́ɔn) — hottest season
• Thai: หน้าร้อน (nâa-rɔ́ɔn) — hottest season
• Thai: คิมหันต์ (kim-hǎn) — hottest season
• Tibetan: དབྱར་ཀ (dbyar ka) — hottest season
• Tibetan: དབྱར་ཁ (dbyar kha) — hottest season
• Tigrinya: ሓጋይ (ḥagay) — hottest season
• Tlingit: taakw.eetí — hottest season
• Tokelauan: tau māfanafana — hottest season
• Turkish: yaz — hottest season
• Ottoman Turkish: یاز (yaz) — hottest season
• Turkmen: tomus — hottest season
• Tuvan: чай (çay) — hottest season
• Udmurt: гужем (gužem) — hottest season
• Ugaritic: 𐎖𐎑 (qẓ) — hottest season
• Ukrainian: лі́то (líto) — hottest season
• Ulch: дюа — hottest season
• Unami: nipën — hottest season
• Urdu: گَرْمی (garmī) — hottest season
• Urdu: گِرِیشم (girīśm) — hottest season
• Urdu: گَرْما (garmā) — hottest season
• Urdu: تابستان — hottest season
• Urdu: صَیف (saif) — hottest season
• Uyghur: ياز (yaz) — hottest season
• Uzbek: yoz — hottest season
• Venetan: istà — hottest season
• Veps: keza — hottest season
• Vietnamese: mùa hè — hottest season
• Vietnamese: mùa hạ — hottest season
• Vietnamese: hạ — hottest season
• Vietnamese: hè — hottest season
• Vilamovian: zumer — hottest season
• Volapük: hitüp — hottest season
• Walloon: esté — hottest season
• Warlpiri: wanta — hottest season
• Welsh: haf — hottest season
• Winnebago: took — hottest season
• Woiwurrung: ngumi-e-ak-korreen — hottest season
• Wolof: nawet — hottest season
• Xhosa: ihlobo — hottest season
• Yakut: сайын (sayïn) — hottest season
• Yiddish: זומער (zumer) — hottest season
• Yoruba: ìgbà é̩rùnìgbà oru — hottest season
• Yup'ik: kiak — hottest season
• Zazaki: amnan (diq) — hottest season
• Zazaki: omnon (diq) — hottest season
• Zhuang: cawzhah — hottest season
• Zhuang: seizhah — hottest season
• Zhuang: seizndat — hottest season
• Zulu: ihlobo — hottest season
• Romanian: traversă — a horizontal beam supporting a building
• Russian: ба́лка (bálka) — a horizontal beam supporting a building
• Russian: брус (brus) — a horizontal beam supporting a building
• Russian: перекла́дина (perekládina) — a horizontal beam supporting a building
• Alutor: анутва (anutva) — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Asturian: braniar — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Asturian: veraniar — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Azerbaijani: yaylamaq — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Bulgarian: летувам (letuvam) — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Catalan: estiuejar — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Catalan: estiuar — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Chinese Mandarin: 消夏 (xiāoxià) — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Chinese Mandarin: 避暑 (bìshǔ) — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Cornish: havi — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Finnish: viettää kesää — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• French: estiver — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• French: passer l'été — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Galician: veranear — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Galician: vranear — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Greek: παραθερίζω (paratherízo) — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Greek: ξεκαλοκαιριάζω (xekalokairiázo) — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Hungarian: nyaral — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Italian: villeggiare — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Italian: passare l'estate — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Macedonian: летува (letuva) — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Portuguese: veranear — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Romanian: văra — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Russian: проводи́ть ле́то (provodítʹ léto) — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Serbo-Croatian: letovati — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Spanish: veranear — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Welsh: hafota — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday
• Zazaki: amnane — spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday