Browse complete English-learning, grammar, reading and level-based lesson series from the local English Wikibooks and Wikiversity canonical dumps. Every detail retains its source revision and full cleaned native sections; media is deliberately excluded.
10000 complete local articles add science, history, culture, places, technology, health, language and everyday knowledge to this channel. Filter by transparent reading complexity and open key words in the full local dictionary.
Each page belongs to a named source series. Redirects, template-only pages and pages below the 500-character native-text threshold are excluded from independent details. Source links are secondary revision and attribution references, not the main reading path.
A verb is a word or group of words expressing an action or a state. Generally, verbs fall into any of four basic categories, based upon their functions. Many verbs have more than one function and therefore can be considered to fall into more than one category. # Action verbs describe physical or…
This Wikibook is designed to teach standard English Grammar as taught in English-speaking countries. Although the English page has a separate section for grammar, it seems harder to follow if you are using it for self study or classroom use. If you plan on taking a course for grammar, this resource…
= Finding the Subject of a Sentence = = Introduction = This chapter provides a clear, structured guide to identifying the subject of a sentence. It covers: * The meaning and role of the subject * A step-by-step method to find the subject * Simple and complete subjects * Subjects in different…
Every sentence can be divided into two parts. One is called the subject and the other is called the predicate. The subject of the sentence consist of the one who does the action, the predicate consists of the action and the things being acted on. Example: Sarah went to school In this sentence,…
The sentence is the basic structure that writers use to make the statements that form a paragraph. It begins with a capital letter and ends in a form of punctuation such as a full stop, exclamation mark or question mark. The sentence uses words to express a complete thought and normally has at…
: If you have contributed to this book, add your name here. User:Xania - I've edited and created sections for phrasal verbs, articles, capitalization and adjectives. User:Tkorrovi - I copied the initial text here from Goold Brown's public domain grammar. Both experts and beginners can help to…
An adjective is simply a word which modifies the noun it is related to. Adjectives usually come before the modified noun. An adjective could also be a phrase or a clause instead of being a single word. John bought a blue shirt. (single word) Last night, a man in a blue coat stole my wallet.…
---- An adjective is a word added to a noun or pronoun, and generally expresses quality: as, A wise man; a new book; you two are diligent. Adjectives may be divided into six classes; namely, common, proper, numeral, pronominal, participial, and compound. A common adjective is any ordinary epithet,…
---- An adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or another adverb; and generally expresses time, place, degree, or manner: as, *"They are now here, studying very diligently." Adverbs can modify a verb, a clause, adjective or a phrase. Adjectives are generally turned into…
An apostrophe can be used to form possessives for nouns, indicate the omission of letters in a word for stylistic purposes or as a colloquial form of a word, and be used to indicate plurality. The term is derived from the Latin word apostrophus itself derived from the Greek words αποστροφος meaning…
An article is the word the, an, or a, which we put before nouns to limit their signification: as, the air, the stars, an island, a ship. The articles can seldom be put one for the other, without gross impropriety; and of course either is to be preferred to the other, as it better suits the sense:…
The use of capital (“big”) letters in English is generally similar to in other Germanic and Romance languages with a few exceptions. The following list shows when you should use a capital letter. Of course, for artistic or political reasons capitalization may be ignored. Sometimes both –…
Clause can be defined as a group of words that carries a finite verb but do not act as a sentence. It acts like a part of a sentence that can not express its meaning without being depended on the other part. as in 'Rahul, who lives in London, is my friend. In the above sentence 'who lives in…
The comma is used to separate those parts of a sentence, which are so nearly connected in sense, as to be only one degree removed from that close connection which admits no point. Appositives are always separated from the main body of the sentence by punctuation, usually commas, but…
* Excuse me, ... * Sorry! * Sorry to interrupt. * I'm sorry! * I'm so sorry! * I'm afraid so. * I'm afraid not. * I apologize. * I do apologize. * Please forgive me! * Wow! * You've got to be kidding me! * I don’t believe it! * That's incredible! * Is that right? * You're joking! * Really? *…
The period, or full stop, is used to mark an entire and independent sentence, whether simple or compound. When a sentence, whether long or short, is complete in respect to sense, and independent in respect to construction, it should be marked with the period: as, *"Every deviation from truth is…
* Business English * English as an Additional Language * Rhetoric and Composition * Systematic Phonics * The parts of speech * Elements of Style by William Strunk, Jr * The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown, 1851. * An English Grammar by W. M. Baskervill and J. W. Sewell * A Grammar of the…
A figure of syntax is an intentional deviation from the ordinary construction of words. The principal figures of syntax are five; namely, el-lip'-sis, ple'-o-nasm, syl-lep'-sis, en-al'-la-ge, and hy-per'-ba-ton. Ellipsis is the omission of some word or words which are necessary to complete the…
---- Absolute — Not immediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence in government. Abstract — Considered apart from any application to a particular object. Abstract noun — A noun that denotes an idea, emotion, feeling, quality or other abstract or intangible concept.…
The letter "C" can make two different sounds based on the rules of English pronunciation. It can make the "hard" sound, as in "cake" and "cut", and it can make the "soft" sound as in "cell" and "cinder". This is going to be your guide, an in-depth guide, for how to tell when to use the hard sound,…
---- Welcome to the English language Wikibook on the English language! To learn about chapter format and whether this is the right book for you, continue reading this page. Most of this material is not dependent on other sections, so you can also use this book as a reference by clicking on any…
*the Acute accent ´ *the Asterisk * *the Asterism ⁂ *the Brace, or Curly Brackets *the Breve ˘ *the Caret ^ *the Cedilla ¸ *the Circumflex ˆ *the Crotchets, or Brackets , *the Diaeresis ¨ *the Diesis, or Double Dagger ‡ *the Ellipsis … *the Grave accent ` *the Guillements, or Angle Quotes «» *the…
---- :This page is written in English, and therefore needs to be translated at a later date to other languages for it to become more useful. A noun, or noun substantive, is a part of speech (a word or phrase) which functions as the head of a noun phrase. The word "noun" derives from the Latin nomen…
---- A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z. The names of the letters, as now commonly spoken and written in American English, are: Ay, Bee, Cee, Dee, Ee, Ef, Gee, Aitch, Eye, Jay, Kay, El, Em, En, Oh, Pee,…
The semicolon is used to separate those parts of a compound sentence, which are neither so closely connected as those which are distinguished by the comma, nor so little dependent as those which require the colon. When two or more complex members, or such clauses as require the comma in themselves,…
__NOTOC__ Welcome to English in Use, a book about the actual use of the English language. It features sections about types of grammar, punctuation and formality. This wikibook is intended for use by native speakers of English or advanced learners of English as a second/foreign language. If you wish…
The Parts of Speech Most grammar textbooks will consider eight basic parts of speech. These are summarized below: *Nouns--naming words for a person, place, thing, or idea. These are declined into singular or plural forms and/or modified by prepositions. *Pronouns--words which may replace a proper…
Phrasal verbs are usually verbs + prepositions or verbs + particles. Phrasal verbs are used frequently in English, mostly in informal language but increasingly also in formal situations. Most phrasal verbs have an equivalent formal word which could replace them (i.e. put out a fire - extinguish a…
---- A preposition is a word used to express some relation of different things or thoughts to each other, and is generally placed before a noun or a pronoun: as, *"The paper lies before me on the desk." In that sentence, before is the preposition, me is the governed term of a preposition, "before…
The present simple (also simple present) is the grammatical tense expressing actions which took place in the present or future. It is used similar to presente simples do indicativo, presente do subjuntivo and futuro simples do subjuntivo in Portuguese. * We use the present simple for describes…
