Browse complete English-learning, grammar, reading and level-based lesson series from the local English Wikibooks and Wikiversity canonical dumps. Every detail retains its source revision and full cleaned native sections; media is deliberately excluded.
10000 complete local articles add science, history, culture, places, technology, health, language and everyday knowledge to this channel. Filter by transparent reading complexity and open key words in the full local dictionary.
Each page belongs to a named source series. Redirects, template-only pages and pages below the 500-character native-text threshold are excluded from independent details. Source links are secondary revision and attribution references, not the main reading path.
The letters "TH" are used to represent the voiced and the voiceless dental fricatives (/ð/ and /θ/, respectively). These phonemes are two of, while common in the English language, but are among the rarest phonemes globally. That is, in most languages (probably yours, if you are not an English…
English is written with the Latin alphabet. It consists of 26 letters: Lower-case letters: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Upper-case letters: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Each letter has a lower-case and an upper-case (or capital) form. In some cases…
__NOTOC__ # of, of # TBC # TBC # TBC # is smoking # am studying # have - use present simple to describe possession # am meeting - use present continuous to describe future arrangements # am having - have here describes an action so we use present continuous # Have you ever eaten - we use present…
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment is a guideline to measure achievements in European languages. For information about the background to the CEF see this Wikipedia article. : A Basic User :: A1 Breakthrough (often known as Elementary) :: A2…
By this stage you should be able to understand the main idea and key words of many articles. You will still have difficulty recognising and using many words but you should not let this prevent you from attempting to read in English. The following newspapers can be read online. Newspapers like The…
The Cambridge First Certificate examination requires a good grasp of English grammar. The following list is no exhaustive. * Present Simple, Present Continuous (Progressive), Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous * Past Simple, Past Continuous (Progressive), Past Perfect Simple, Used…
This book will be a text book designed for use by learners of English as a second language. It will be primarily aimed at B2 students. B2 denotes the 4th (of 6) stage of the Common European Framework, an internationally used standard for learning languages. This level is often referred to as Upper…
This book is a Wikibook therefore you are free to edit as you wish but please respect the outline and style that is in use. The book currently features 15 units each with a specific aim with regards to the grammar and vocabulary that they should teach. Before you edit a particular unit please see…
__NOTOC__ This book is intended for adult and teenage learners of English as a second language who are at B2 (Upper Intermediate) level. B2 refers to level B2 on in the Common European Framework of Reference. Usually students of this level have studied English for at least 4 years or have…
__NOTOC__ Try these exercises without consulting the previous units. For answers click here. (Please write your answers on a printout, don't edit them into this page.) Good luck!! Complete the following sentences using the most appropriate verb form: Today has been a very long day so far. I ______…
Essentially English only has 2 tenses: past and present. However, these tenses are used in a variety of ways so many people would say that there are many more tenses (or forms). *Past Simple (PAST TENSE) *Past Continuous (WAS/WERE + PARTICIPLE ING ) *Past Perfect Simple (HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE)…
__NOTOC__ = The World of English = Aim of this lesson: Practice some common questions and their replies and familiarise yourself with common adjectives and their dependent prepositions. It is often difficult in English to know which tense to use when having a conversation with somebody. We often…
__NOTOC__ = You mustn't smoke in here = Aim of this lesson: Introduce and practice modals of deduction and use some language related to hotels and other accommodation. Sally is a tourist and she's visiting Dublin for a few days. She has just arrived at the Victoria Hotel. Modals of obligation are…
__NOTOC__ = Mary is wearing a beautiful, old dress = Aim of this lesson: review adjectives, look at gradable and ungradable adjectives and focus on the order that adjectives are used in sentences. Adjectives in English can be gradable or ungradable. A gradable adjective is one which can be graded…
__NOTOC__ = I am learning English for travel = Aim of this lesson: Revise and practice the present continuous (progressive) and learn vocabulary related to sports and hobbies. Richard is travelling to school with his son Michael. (listen) The Present Continuous is commonly used to talk about…
__NOTOC__ =I've visited Venice= Aim of this lesson: Talk about hobbies and your family and practice using the present perfect to talk about experiences. Chloe and Michael are students at university in Manchester. They're talking about places that they went to in the past. * I have visited Venice.…
__NOTOC__ = If I had €1,000,000, I would live in Spain = Aim of this lesson: Recognize and use the different conditionals in English and revise means of transport. Talk about these questions with a partner. Try to expand your answers and give reasons rather than short answers. * Where did you go on…
__NOTOC__ = I'm going to Athens in the summer = Aim of this lesson: Learn the various ways to talk about the future in English. Chloe and Michael are students at university in Manchester. They're talking about their plans for the weekend and the summer. There are many ways to talk about the future…
__NOTOC__ = I used to be a student = Aim of this lesson: learn how to talk about past states and habits which are no longer true and learn vocabulary related to schools and school subjects. Read the following dialogue then practice it with a partner if possible. Does John live in Nottingham? Does…
__NOTOC__ = The film had already started when we arrived = Aim of this lesson: Learn about and use the Past Perfect and understand the difference between the tense and Past Simple. Vocabulary that will be taught is related to cinema. Work with a partner, if you can, and ask/answer these questions.…
__NOTOC__ = I want to be a scientist = Aim of this lesson: Identify and use verb patterns. Verb patterns describe the form of verb which follows the first verb. The second verb can be in the infinitive, gerund or bare infinitive (without 'to'). Also you will learn to talk about jobs: job titles and…
In English, as in most languages, it is common to use verbs together in a sentence - e.g. "I enjoy playing football". In some languages the second verb used must always be used in the infinitive (dictionary form). In English there are three common forms for the second verb used: * infinitive - to…
An adjective is a part of speech used as a modifier that describes a noun or pronoun: 1. Traditional toys are still popular. 2. You have an interesting job. 3. Your suggestions are helpful. 4. You are gorgeous. There are three positions where an adjective can be placed - before a noun, after a…
In the previous lesson, we know that an adjective can be used for giving more information about a noun. However, adjectives can only be used to modify a noun. If we want to modify a verb or an adjective, we need to use an adverb. Adverbs can also be used to modify another adverb or a clause. The…
Answer each question as either being true or false. If it is false, explain why by providing the correct rule. #Abstract nouns name persons, places, and things. #Ugliness, servitude, and hatred are all examples of concrete nouns. #Pronouns take the place of nouns, verbs, and adjectives. #Relative…
A conjunction is a word or words used to show the relationship between one notion and another notion. There are two main types of conjunction: the coordinative conjunction, which joins phrases of equal importance and rank, and the subordinative conjunction, which joins a phrase with another phrase…
The part of speech of a word can be identified from its form and meaning. The form of a word refers to the ending it takes and what position it takes in a sentence. Form alone gives us a lot of information on the part of speech of a word. It is sometimes useful to look at the meaning of a word when…
A noun represents a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns are used in sentences in two different ways: as subjects (performers of action), or objects (receivers of action). The word comes from the Latin "nomen," meaning "name." Word classes like nouns were first described by the Sanskrit grammarian…
A preposition connects the relationship between a noun, pronoun and phrase to other parts of the sentence. Whatever object or phrase the preposition is introducing is called the object of the preposition. Each bold word in the following sentences are examples of prepositions: The box is on the…
A pronoun replaces a noun in a sentence. The noun that is replaced is called an antecedent. Pronouns can be classified in following different ways: Note: The possessive forms my, your, his, her, its, our and their function as adjectives when they modify a noun. #Nominative case - the pronoun is…
