Overview
Bartholomeus Jan "Bart" Bok (April 28, 1906 – August 5, 1983) was a Dutch-American astronomer, teacher, and lecturer. He is best known for his work on the structure and evolution of the Milky Way galaxy, and for the discovery of Bok globules, which are small, densely dark clouds of interstellar gas and dust that can be seen silhouetted against brighter backgrounds. Bok suggested that these globules may be in the process of contracting, before forming into stars. Bok married fellow astronomer Priscilla Fairfield in 1929, and for the remainder of their lives, the two collaborated so closely on their astronomical work that the Royal Astronomical Society said "from that point on it is difficult and pointless to separate his achievements from hers".
The Boks displayed such great mutual enthusiasm for explaining astronomy to the public that The Boston Globe described them in 1936 as "salesmen of the Milky Way". When he was asked by the editors of Who's Who in America to submit a statement concerning "Thoughts on My Life", he wrote, "I have been a happy astronomer for the past sixty years, wandering through the highways and byways of our beautiful Milky Way." Bart Bok was an exceedingly popular personality in the field of astronomy, noted for his affability and humor. When asteroid 1983 Bok was named for him and his wife Priscilla, he thanked the International Astronomical Union for giving him "a little plot of land that I can retire to and live on."
Early life and studies 1906–1929
Bok was born in the small Dutch town of Hoorn, north of Amsterdam, to Jan Bok, who was a sergeant-major in the Dutch army, and Gesina Annetta (née van der Lee) Bok, but he spent a good deal of his childhood with his grandparents in the town of Haarlem, where he attended primary school. He attended high school in The Hague, excelling at mathematics and science, and he also told the story that this was where he met a Scoutmaster who introduced him to the night sky while on camping trips away from the city lights. After completing high school, he went on to study astronomy at Leiden and Groningen Universities.
The following year, Bok broke off his thesis studies at Groningen with Piet van Rhijn and moved across the Atlantic to Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the invitation of Harlow Shapley, director of Harvard College Observatory, whom he had also met at the same IAU Assembly where he met Priscilla. On September 9, 1929, two days after moving to the US, the two were married. This caused some awkwardness with their mutual superior Shapley, who regarded Priscilla as something of a protégée and was protective of her. While Bok had the greatest admiration for Shapley, it took Shapley time to build the required level of trust with Bok.
Harvard 1929–1957
The Boks remained at Harvard University for almost thirty years, from 1929 until 1957, where he taught astronomy and directed the Harvard Observatory. Bart was steadily promoted through the academic ranks: he completed his Doctoral dissertation entitled "A Study of the Eta Carinae Region" in 1932, became an assistant professor in 1933, an associate professor in 1939, associate director of the Harvard Observatory by 1946, and he became a full professor in 1947 when he was appointed to the Robert Wheeler Wilson Chair in Astronomy (some sources say this happened in 1945 Their marriage began a close scientific collaboration that would span the next four decades, in which the Royal Astronomical Society said "it is difficult and pointless to separate his achievements from hers". The writing of this book, begun in 1937, was shared equally – according to Bart: .
In the 1940s, Bok first observed small, dark clouds of dense cosmic dust and gas which would later become known as Bok globules in the Milky Way. In a paper published in 1947, Bok and E.F. Reilly hypothesized that these clouds were "similar to insect's cocoons" that were undergoing gravitational collapse to form new stars and star clusters. This hypothesis was difficult to verify due to the observational difficulties of establishing what was happening inside a dense dark cloud that obscured all visible light emitted from within it, but after Bok's death his ideas were confirmed when analyses of near infrared observations published in 1990 confirmed that stars were being born inside Bok globules. The Bok family also traveled to spend time setting up two international facilities on opposite sides of the world.
During 1941, Bok helped to set up the Tonantzintla Observatory in Tonantzintla, Mexico. In 1950, he set up the Schmidt Telescope at Harvard's Boyden Station in South Africa. While there, he and Priscilla also enjoyed the opportunity to study the southern stars, including Eta Carinae which had been the subject of Bart's doctoral dissertation. Bok's record of success in setting up new observatories would guide the rest of his career. Starting in 1952 he led the efforts to fund and construct a major radio telescope facility at Harvard's Oak Ridge Observatory. Unusually for his time, Bok believed that the combination of radio and optical astronomy could produce exceptional benefits. Initially, this was inspired by the difficulty and unreliability of visual star counting techniques, especially when there is obscuring dust.
This combined approach proved to be vital in analyzing the interstellar medium, and particularly in developing an understanding of what was happening inside Bok Globules.
Australia 1957–1966
In 1957, the Boks moved to Australia, where Bart took up the position of Director at Mount Stromlo Observatory in the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, which he was to hold for the next nine years. His presence was a crucial factor in the development of optical astronomy in Australia, and its integration with the well-established field of radio astronomy. During his tenure, Bok established a thriving international graduate program at Stromlo which became known as "Harvard in the South", obtained funds from the Prime Minister of the time, Robert Menzies, for a new telescope at Stromlo, and established a field observatory at Siding Spring. He was a pioneer in the use of electronic computers for astronomical observing, and the first person to use them for any purpose at the ANU: in February 1960 he had the first one installed in the observatory.
By the early 1960s, Mount Stromlo had developed into one of the leading facilities for observational astronomy in the southern hemisphere. This did not leave much time for astronomy research; Priscilla spent many nights at the Stromlo telescopes observing and analyzing their data. This suited her greater interest in basic observations such as determining stellar positions and providing calibrated magnitudes. In the subsequent editions of their book, the Boks made major changes to accommodate the rapid progress in galactic astronomy. The approachability of the text for the general public was particularly important to Priscilla, according to Bart: Bok was a tireless promoter of astronomy to the general public, trying to keep to a routine of devoting three days each month to public lectures: one in Canberra or near Canberra, one in a capital city, and one in the country ...
I accepted almost any invitation I could get to give a lecture ... my price was that if I spoke to a group of adults ... I would also address the local high school and this paid off amazingly well in a direction that had never occurred to me, because in a high school audience there is generally a nephew or a niece of a Member of Parliament, and all the Members of Parliament learned about it. This ability to "sell" astronomy to the public and especially to the Members of Parliament was crucial in winning support for such huge, and expensive, projects as the Anglo-Australian Observatory against competing scientific priorities. In the end, he did not get to see it completed; the formal agreement to construct the AAO was reached the year after he and Priscilla left Australia to return to the US.
Return to the US 1966–1983
In 1966, the Boks moved back to the US, where Bart took up the roles of Head of the Department of Astronomy at the University of Arizona and Director of Steward Observatory, posts which he held until 1970. He was largely responsible for the construction of the telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory, and oversaw a doubling of the university's staff and growth in the graduate student program until by 1970 it was ranked fifth in the US, and Steward was regarded as "one of the world's premier astronomical research institutions." Overlapping with this, he also served as president of the American Astronomical Society (AAS) from 1972 to 1974. Priscilla suffered a stroke in 1972; her health declined in the following years, and Bok resigned his positions with the IAU and the AAS in 1974 and dedicated himself to her care. She died of a heart attack in November 1975.
The statement was published in The Humanist and copies were sent to every major newspaper in the US. This led to the formation of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (now called the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry), of which he was a founding Fellow. In 2000, Bok was voted by readers of Skeptical Inquirer magazine as one of the "outstanding skeptics of the twentieth century". At a meeting of the executive council of CSI in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Bok was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism.
Bok continued as an emeritus professor at the University of Arizona, and he participated in or led several groups to view solar eclipses, including a trip to the eclipse near Bratsk in Siberia in July 1981 and his last eclipse trip to what he called his "spiritual home" of Java to view a totality that passed near the town of Salatiga in June 1983. Bok died of a heart attack at his home in Tucson, Arizona a little more than a month after that final trip. His body was bequeathed to the college of medicine at the University of Arizona.
Honors
;Honorary appointments *Vice-president of the International Astronomical Union (1970–74) *Elected to the US National Academy of Sciences (1968) *Honorary Member of the Astronomical Society of Australia *Associate Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, London *Jansky Prize (1972) awarded by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory "to recognize outstanding contributions to the advancement of radio astronomy." *Knight in the Order of Orange-Nassau *Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1982) awarded by the American Astronomical Society in recognition of a lifetime of excellence in astronomical research. *Klumpke-Roberts Award (1982) awarded by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific to recognize outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy. ;Named after him *Lunar crater Bok (jointly with his wife Priscilla) – a 43-km diameter crater on the far side of the Moon *Asteroid 1983 Bok (jointly with his wife Priscilla) – discovered by Elizabeth Roemer in 1975. *Bok globules *Bok Telescope - the Steward Observatory's 90-inch (2.3 m) telescope was named after him in 1996. *C/1949 N1 - A comet that Bok co-discovered. ;Memorial awards *Bart J Bok Postdoctoral Fellowship, given out by the Astronomy Department of the University of Arizona and Steward Observatory. *The Bok Prize is awarded annually by the Astronomical Society of Australia since 1989 to recognise outstanding research in astronomy by an Honours student or eligible master's student at an Australian university. *Another Bok Prize is awarded by the Harvard University's Department of Astronomy since 1958 to recognise research in the area of Milky Way research by observational methods. *Two Priscilla and Bart Bok Awards are jointly awarded each year by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific and the American Astronomical Society to astronomy-related projects at the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, in recognition of the Boks' advocacy for astronomy education and work in public outreach.
Selected publications
* * * * * * * * * *Bok's ADS record.
Further reading
* * * Also available as a PDF version of the National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir *
Oral histories
* Oral history interview transcript with Bart Bok on 15 May 1978, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session I * Oral history interview transcript with Bart Bok on 17 May 1978, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session II * Oral history interview transcript with Bart Bok on 19 May 1978, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session III * Oral history interview transcript with Bart Bok on 14 June 1978, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session IV